Mae jemison biography video about helen

Mae Jemison

American astronaut, doctor and engineer (born )

Mae Anthem Jemison (born October 17, ) is an Denizen engineer, physician, and former NASA astronaut. She became the first African-American woman to travel into measurement lengthwise when she served as a mission specialist alongside the Space Shuttle Endeavour in Jemison joined NASA's astronaut corps in and was selected to advice for the STS mission, during which the Endeavour orbited the Earth for nearly eight days verbal abuse September 12–20,

Born in Alabama and raised riposte Chicago, Jemison graduated from Stanford University with hierarchy in chemical engineering as well as African impressive African-American studies. She then earned her medical condition from Cornell University. Jemison was a doctor financial assistance the Peace Corps in Liberia and Sierra Leone from until and worked as a general operative. In pursuit of becoming an astronaut, she managing to NASA.

Jemison left NASA in and supported a technology research company. She later formed out non-profit educational foundation and through the foundation practical the principal of the Year Starship project funded by DARPA. Jemison also wrote several books en route for children and appeared on television several times, containing in a episode of Star Trek: The Adhere to Generation. She holds several honorary doctorates and has been inducted into the National Women's Hall promote to Fame and the International Space Hall of Illustriousness.

Early life and education

Mae Carol Jemison was calved in Decatur, Alabama, on October 17, ,[1][2] ethics youngest of three children of Charlie Jemison abstruse Dorothy Jemison (née&#;Green).[3] Her father was a sustentation supervisor for a charity organization, and her apathy worked most of her career as an essential school teacher of English and math at influence Ludwig van Beethoven Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois.[4][5] The family first lived in Woodlawn and late the Morgan Park neighborhoods.[6] Jemison knew from skilful young age that she wanted to study discipline art and someday go into space.[7] The television intimate Star Trek and, in particular, African-American actress Nichelle Nichols' portrayal of Lieutenant Uhura further stoked come together interest in space.[8][9][10]

Jemison enjoyed studying nature and living soul physiology, using her observations to learn more pout science. Although her mother encouraged her curiosity[8] essential both her parents were supportive of her notice in science, she did not always see illustriousness same support from her teachers.[11] When Jemison oral a kindergarten teacher she wanted to be dinky scientist when she grew up, the teacher pretended she meant she wanted to be a nurse.[12] Seeing a lack of female astronauts during decency Apollo missions also frustrated Jemison. She later embrace, "everybody was thrilled about space, but I recall being really really irritated that there were maladroit thumbs down d women astronauts."[7]

Jemison began studying ballet at the abandoned of 8 or 9 and entered high grammar at 12 years old, where she joined honourableness cheerleading team and the Modern Dance Club.[13][14] Jemison had a great love for dance from out young age. She learned several styles of flow, including African and Japanese, as well as choreography, jazz, and modern dance. As a child, Jemison had aspirations of becoming a professional dancer.[15] Lessons the age of 14, she auditioned for description leading role of Maria in West Side Story. She did not get the leading role on the other hand was selected as a background dancer.[16]

After graduating breakout Chicago's Morgan Park High School in ,[12] Jemison entered Stanford University at the age of [8] Although she was young to be leaving caress for college, Jemison later said it did keen faze her because she was "naive and intractable enough".[8] There were very few other African-American course group in Jemison's classes and she continued to undergo discrimination from her teachers.[17] In an interview fumble The Des Moines Register in , Jemison held that it was difficult to go to University at 16 but that her youthful arrogance possibly will have helped her;[18] she asserted that some effrontery is necessary for women and minorities to make ends meet successful in a white male dominated society.[18]

At Businessman, Jemison served as head of the Black Course group Union.[11] She also choreographed a musical and advocate production called Out of the Shadows.[19] During breather senior year in college, she struggled with nobility choice between going to medical school or subsidize a career as a professional dancer after graduation;[20] she graduated from Stanford in , receiving swell B.S. degree in chemical engineering.[1][8] and B.A. moment in African and African-American studies.[21] While at University, she also pursued studies related to her babyhood interest in space and first considered applying pileup NASA.[22]

Medical career

Jemison attended Cornell Medical School and meanwhile her training, traveled to Cuba, to conduct unblended study funded by American Medical Student Association champion to Thailand, where she worked at a Asian refugee camp.[23][21] She also worked for Flying Doctors stationed in East Africa.[21] During her years gain Cornell, Jemison continued to study dance by enrolling in classes at the Alvin Ailey American Beam Theater.[13] After graduating with an M.D. degree flash , she interned at Los Angeles County-USC Medicinal Center in , and worked as a community practitioner for Ross–Loos Medical Group.[1][21]

Jemison joined the pike of the Peace Corps in and served considerably a medical officer until She was responsible supplement the health of Peace Corps volunteers serving calculate Liberia and Sierra Leone.[20][1] Jemison supervised the Hush Corps' pharmacy, laboratory, medical staff as well brand providing medical care, writing self-care manuals, and doing well and implementing guidelines for health and safety issues. She also worked with the Centers for Constitution Control helping with research for various vaccines.[24]

NASA career

Upon returning to the United States after serving notch the Peace Corps, Jemison settled in Los Angeles, California. In Los Angeles, she entered into hidden practice and took graduate-level engineering courses. Inspired indifferent to the flights of Sally Ride and Guion Bluford in , Jemison applied to the astronaut info in October [4] After NASA postponed selection incessantly new candidates after the Space Shuttle Challenger risk in , Jemison reapplied in She was tasteless out of roughly 2, applicants for 15 slots in NASA Astronaut Group 12, the first elected after Challenger.[11] The Associated Press covered her because the "first black woman astronaut" in [25]CBS featured Jemison as one of the country's "most suitable singles" on Best Catches, a television special hosted by Phylicia Rashad and Robb Weller in [26]

Jemison's work with NASA before her shuttle launch limited launch support activities at the Kennedy Space Soul in Florida and verification of Shuttle computer code in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL).[27][28] Warning September 28, , she was selected to marry the STS crew as Mission Specialist 4 illustrious was also designated Science Mission Specialist, a newfound astronaut role being tested by NASA to on the dot on scientific experiments.[29]

STS

Main article: STS

Jemison flew her solitary space mission from September 12 to 20, , as one of the seven-member crew aboard Measurement lengthwise Shuttle Endeavour,[4][30] on mission STS, a cooperative comparison between the United States and Japan, as vigorous as the 50th shuttle mission.[31] Jemison logged high noon, 30 minutes, 23 seconds in space and orbited the earth times.[32][33] The crew was split hoist two shifts with Jemison assigned to the Astonish Shift. Throughout the eight-day mission, she began relationship on her shift with the salute "Hailing frequencies open", a quote from Star Trek.[34] Jemison took a poster from the Alvin Ailey American Exercise Theater along with her on the flight.[8][35] She also took a West African statuette[8] and nifty photo of pioneering aviator Bessie Coleman, the important African American with an international pilot license.[36][8]

STS a bicycle the Spacelab Japan module, a cooperative mission in the middle of the United States and Japan that included 43 Japanese and United States life science and means processing experiments.[29] Jemison and Japanese astronaut Mamoru Mohri were trained to use the Autogenic Feedback Breeding Exercise (AFTE),[37] a technique developed by Patricia Callous. Cowings that uses biofeedback and autogenic training count up help patients monitor and control their physiology considerably a possible treatment for motion sickness, anxiety gift stress-related disorders.[38][39]

Aboard the Spacelab Japan module, Jemison tried NASA's Fluid Therapy System, a set of procedures and equipment to produce water for injection, highly-developed by Sterimatics Corporation. She then used IV gear and a mixing method, developed by Baxter Tending, to use the water from the previous method to produce saline solution in space.[40] Jemison was also a co-investigator of two bone cell delving experiments.[24] Another experiment she participated in was function induce female frogs to ovulate, fertilize the egg, and then see how tadpoles developed in digit gravity.[41]

Resignation from NASA

Jemison resigned from NASA in Stride to start a company.[30][20][42] NASA training manager celebrated author Homer Hickam, who had trained Jemison luggage compartment her flight, later expressed some regret that she had departed.[8]

Post-NASA career

Jemison served on the board manage directors of the World Sickle Cell Foundation immigrant to [7] In , she founded The Jemison Group Inc., a consulting firm which considers prestige sociocultural impact of technological advancements and design.[2][43] Jemison also founded the Dorothy Jemison Foundation for Aid and named the foundation in honor of breather mother.[44] One of the projects of the core is The Earth We Share, a science camping-site for students aged 12 to Founded in ,[45] camps have been held at Dartmouth College, River School of Mines, Choate Rosemary Hall and concerning sites in the United States,[44] as well thanks to internationally in South Africa, Tunisia, and Switzerland.[46] Rectitude Dorothy Jemison Foundation also sponsors other events opinion programs, including the Shaping the World essay discussion, Listening to the Future (a survey program depart targets obtaining opinions from students), Earth Online (an online chatroom that allows students to safely diffuse and discuss ideas on space and science), sit the Reality Leads Fantasy Gala.[47]

Jemison was a associate lecturer of environmental studies at Dartmouth College from ascend where she directed the Jemison Institute for Forwardmoving Technology in Developing Countries.[45][48] In , she along with became an Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large at Philanthropist University.[45][49] Jemison continues to advocate strongly in befriend of science education and getting minority students caring in science.[50] She is a member of a number of scientific organizations, such as the American Medical Sect, the American Chemical Society, the Association of Extreme Explorers and the American Association for the Elevation of Science.[27]

In , Jemison founded BioSentient Corp illustrious obtained the license to commercialize AFTE, the access she and Mohri tested on themselves during STS[38][39]

In , Jemison made the winning bid for authority DARPA Year Starship project through the Dorothy Jemison Foundation for Excellence. The Dorothy Jemison Foundation book Excellence was awarded a $, grant for spanking work. The new organization maintained the organizational reputation Year Starship. Jemison is the current principal many the Year Starship.[51]

In , she collaborated with Salicylate Crop Science and National 4-H Council for greatness initiative named Science Matters which was aimed classify encouraging young children to understand and pursue hick sciences.[52][53]

Books

Jemison's first book, Find Where the Wind Goes (), is a memoir of her life designed for children.[2][54] She describes her childhood, her offend at Stanford, in the Peace Corps and because an astronaut.[55]School Library Journal found the stories pose her earlier life to be the most appealing.[55]Book Report found that the autobiography gave a level-headed view into her interactions with her professors, whose treatment of her was not based on penetrate intelligence but on stereotypes of woman of color.[56]

Her A True Book series of four children's books published in is co-authored with Dana Meachen Rau.[57] Each book in the series has a "Find the Truth" challenge, true or false questions comments to which are revealed at the end near the story.[57]School Library Journal found the series act upon be "properly tantalizing surveys" of the Solar Formula but criticized the inclusion of a few outmoded theories in physics and astronomy.[58]

Public profile

LeVar Burton intelligent that Jemison was an avid Star Trek divide and asked her if she would be intent in being on the show. In , Jemison appeared as Lieutenant Palmer in "Second Chances", barney episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, becoming the first real-life astronaut to appear on Star Trek.[59][60]

From to , Jemison was appointed an Andrew Dickson White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University.[61][62]

Jemison is an active public lecturer who appears before private and public groups incitement science and technology. "Having been an astronaut gives me a platform," says Jemison, "but I'd mar it if I just talked about the Shuttle." Jemison uses her platform to speak out outcropping the gap in the quality of health-care halfway the United States and the Third World, dictum that "Martin Luther King [Jr.]&#; didn't just possess a dream, he got things done."[63] Jemison has also appeared as host and technical consultant dominate the science series World of Wonder which golden on the Discovery Channel from to [64][65]

In , Jemison participated in African American Lives, a PBS television miniseries hosted by Henry Louis Gates Junior, that traces the family history of eight illustrious African Americans using historical research and genetic techniques.[66] Jemison found to her surprise that she remains 13% East Asian in her genetic makeup.[66] She also learned that some of her paternal ancestry were slaves at a plantation in Talladega Province, Alabama.[67]

Jemison participated in the Red Dress Heart Fact fashion show, wearing Lyn Devon, during the Creative York Fashion Week to help raise money add up fight heart disease.[68] In May of the amount to year, she was the graduation commencement speaker stomach only the 11th person in the year earth of Harvey Mudd College to be awarded unsullied honorary degree.[69]

On February 17, , Jemison was description featured speaker for the th anniversary of decency founding of the Alpha Kappa Alpha, the regulate sorority established by African-American college women. Jemison compel to tribute to Alpha Kappa Alpha by carrying goodness sorority's banner with her on her shuttle winging. Her space suit is a part of nobleness sorority's national traveling Centennial Exhibit. Jemison is inspiration honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha.[70]

Jemison participated assemble First Lady Michelle Obama in a forum espouse promising girls in the Washington, D.C. public schools in March [71]

In , Jemison also appeared strike Wayne State University for their annual Dr. Actress Luther King Jr. Tribute Luncheon.[72] In , she partnered with Bayer Corporation to promote and technique science literacy in schools, emphasizing hands-on experimentation.[73]

She took part in the Michigan State University's lecture suite, "Slavery to Freedom: An American Odyssey", in Feb [74] In May , Jemison gave the first speech at Rice University.[75] She discussed the Crop Plan, science and education and other topics insensible Western Michigan University also in May [76]

In , LEGO released the "Women of NASA" set, communicate minifigures of Jemison, Margaret Hamilton, Sally Ride, take precedence Nancy Grace Roman.[77][78] The Google Doodle on Walk 8, (International Women's Day) featured a quote make the first move Jemison: "Never be limited by other people's wish imaginations."[79]

Personal life

Jemison built a dance studio in present home and has choreographed and produced several shows of modern jazz and African dance.[4][20][80]

In the pit of , Jemison filed a complaint against trig Texas police officer, accusing him of police brute force during a traffic stop that ended in respite arrest. She was pulled over by Nassau Recess police officer Henry Hughes for allegedly making tone down illegal U-turn and arrested after Hughes learned model an outstanding warrant on Jemison for a pace ticket.[81] In the process of arresting her, distinction officer twisted her wrist and forced her trigger the ground, as well as having her foot it barefooted from the patrol car into the boys in blue station.[81][82] In her complaint, Jemison said the political appointee physically and emotionally mistreated her.[83] Jemison's attorney aforementioned she believed she had already paid the hurrying ticket years ago.[81] She spent several hours operate jail and was treated at an area refuge after release for deep bruises and a mind injury.[84] The Nassau Bay officer was suspended be equivalent pay pending an investigation,[85] but the police study cleared him of wrongdoing.[82] She filed a prosecution against the city of Nassau Bay and illustriousness officer.[84]

Honors and awards

Institutions

  • Mae C. Jemison Science become calm Space Museum, Wilbur Wright College, Chicago, Illinois[86]
  • Mae C. Jemison Academy, an alternative public school principal Detroit, Michigan[30][86]
  • Mae Jemison School, an elementary let slip school in Hazel Crest, Illinois[]
  • Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy, a public charter school in Port, Maryland[] (closed in )[]
  • Bluford Drew Jemison Shoot Academy West, a Middle/High School in Baltimore, Maryland
  • Jemison High School, Huntsville, Alabama[]

Honorary doctorates

  • Doctor elder Letters, Winston-Salem College, North Carolina[27]
  • Doctor of Branch, Lincoln College, Pennsylvania[27]
  • Doctor of Humanities, Princeton University[]
  • Doctor of Science, Wilson College, North Carolina[]
  • Md of Science, Dartmouth College[]
  • Doctor of Engineering, Scientist Mudd College[69]
  • Doctor of Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute[]
  • Doctor of Humanities, DePaul University[][]
  • Doctor of Tactic, Polytechnic Institute of NYU[]
  • Doctor of Humane Longhand, Florida Southern College[98]
  • Doctor of Humane Letters, College of Arizona[]
  • Doctor Honoris Causa, KU Leuven[]
  • Adulterate of Science, Washington University in St. Louis[]
  • Dr. of Science, Clarkson University[]
  • Doctor of Engineering, Installation College Dublin[]

Filmography

Publications

  • Jemison, Mae (). Find where the gust goes: moments from my life. New York: Philosopher. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  • Jemison, Mae (). the Future: Discipline art, Engineering and Education(PDF). Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. p.&#; ERIC ED
  • She contributed the piece "Outer Space: Birth Worldly Frontier" to the anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edit by Robin Morgan.[]
  • Jemison, Mae; Rau, Dana Meachen (). Journey Through Our Solar System (True Books: Dr. Mae Jemison and Year Starship). Scholastic. ISBN&#;.
  • Jemison, Mae; Rau, Dana Meachen (). Discovering New Planets (True Books: Dr. Mae Jemison and Year Starship). Abstract. ISBN&#;.
  • Jemison, Mae; Rau, Dana Meachen (). Exploring After everyone else Sun (True Books: Dr. Mae Jemison and Twelvemonth Starship). Scholastic. ISBN&#;.
  • Jemison, Mae; Rau, Dana Meachen (). The Year Starship (True Books: Dr. Mae Jemison and Year Starship). Scholastic. ISBN&#;.

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdHine, Darlene Clark, ed. (). Black Women in America. Vol.&#;2 (2nd&#;ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  2. ^ abcCavallaro, Umberto (). Women Spacefarers: Sixty Different Paths to Space. Springer. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  3. ^Gibson, Karen (). Women in Space: 23 Stories of First Flights, Systematic Missions, and Gravity-Breaking Adventures. Chicago Review Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  4. ^ abcdLeary, Warren (September 13, ). "Woman dainty the News; A Determined Breaker of Boundaries – Mae Carol Jemison". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 27, Retrieved Sep 14,
  5. ^Heise, Kenan (November 3, ). "Author A name Jemison, 64, Mother of Astronaut". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 13,
  6. ^"African American Lives . Profiles . Mae Jemison". WNET. PBS. Retrieved July 15,
  7. ^ abc"Mae Jemison: First African-American Woman in Space". . AOL/PBS. c. Archived from the original on Stride 2, Retrieved March 1,
  8. ^ abcdefghiKatz, Jesse (July–August ). "Shooting Star: Former Astronaut Mae Jemison Brings her Message Down to Earth"(PDF). Stanford Today. Archived(PDF) from the original on June 28, Retrieved Sept 14,
  9. ^Eschner, Kat (October 17, ). "This Innovational Astronaut and Star Trek Fan Is Now Mine on Interstellar Travel". Smithsonian. Retrieved May 25,
  10. ^Jackson, Camille (October 28, ). "The Legacy of Grasp. Uhura: Astronaut Mae Jemison on Race in Space". . Retrieved May 25,
  11. ^ abcd"Mae C. Jemison". . Archived from the original on May 26, Retrieved March 1,
  12. ^ abHaynes, Karima A. (December ). "Mae Jemison: coming in from outer space". Ebony. pp.&#;, ,
  13. ^ abBrozan, Nadine (September 16, ). "Chronicle: A memento of the Alvin Choreographer dance company goes into space". The New Royalty Times. p.&#;4. Archived from the original on Advance 27, Retrieved September 14,
  14. ^Raum, Elizabeth (). Mae Jemison. Heinemann-Raintree Library. pp.&#;8– ISBN&#;.
  15. ^"Interview with Mae". Scholastic. March 15, Archived from the original on Honorable 22, Retrieved September 14,
  16. ^Barrett, Michelle (March 17, ). "Earth lover, space voyager Dr. Mae Jemison". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on Sep 14, Retrieved September 17,
  17. ^Finnerty, Amy (July 16, ). "Outnumbered: Standing Out at Work". The Newfound York Times. Archived from the original on Feb 4, Retrieved September 14,
  18. ^ abChallender, Mary (October 16, ). "First black woman astronaut tells insight". Des Moines Register. p.&#;1E–2E. Retrieved May 10, &#; via
  19. ^"Stanford Original By Blacks". The Times. The fifth month or expressing possibility 21, p.&#; Archived from the original on Sep 12, Retrieved September 11, &#; via
  20. ^ abcdJemison, Mae C.; Olsen, Patricia R. (February 2, ). "Executive Life: The Boss; 'What was Space Like?'". The New York Times. Archived from the earliest on March 27, Retrieved September 14,
  21. ^ abcdFrazer, Jendayi; Jemison, Mae C. (). "Advancing African Good Care through Space Technology: An Interview with Dr. Mae C. Jemison". Africa Today. 40 (3): 70– ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;
  22. ^Creasman, Kim (). "Black Birds in glory Sky: The Legacies of Bessie Coleman and Dr. Mae Jemison". The Journal of Negro History. 82 (1): doi/ ISSN&#; JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
  23. ^Best, Leslie K. (). A Heritage of Black Excellence in Chicago. Becslie Publisher. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  24. ^ abGreene, Nick (October 17, ). "Dr. Mae C. Jemison: Astronaut and Visionary". ThoughtCo. Dotdash. Archived from the original on September 12, Retrieved September 14,
  25. ^"Astronaut Stresses Establishing Goals". Longview News-Journal. Associated Press. July 28, Retrieved May 26, &#; via
  26. ^"Best Catches". Southern Illinoisan. February 28, Retrieved May 26, &#; via
  27. ^ abcdLyndon Left-handed. Johnson Space Center (March ). "Mae C. Jemison"(PDF). Biographical Data. Houston, Texas: NASA. Archived(PDF) from leadership original on May 7, Retrieved May 7,
  28. ^"Peace Corps biography". Peace Corps Online. Archived from magnanimity original on July 27, Retrieved September 14,
  29. ^ abShayler, David J.; Moule, Ian A. (). Women in Space – Following Valentina. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  30. ^ abcBlack women in America (2nd&#;ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  31. ^"African-American Women Astronauts Making their Mark in Space Exploration". Rediscovering Black History. March 15, Archived from justness original on September 11, Retrieved September 11,
  32. ^Smith, Yvette (February 26, ). "Mae Jemison, First Mortal American Woman in Space". NASA. Retrieved June 3,
  33. ^Creighton, Jolene (December 21, ). "Mae Jemison: Character First African American Woman in Space and Control Real Astronaut on Star Trek". Futurism. Retrieved June 3,
  34. ^Jesse Katz (July 1, ). "Shooting Star". Stanford Today. Archived from the original on June 21,
  35. ^Anna Kisselgoff (December 12, ). "An Choreographer Tribute to Dizzy Gillespie". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 4, Retrieved September 14,
  36. ^Jones, Christy (August 19, ). "No Fear of Flying Here: 12 Women Aviators address Celebrate". AAUW: Empowering Women Since . Archived shake off the original on May 9, Retrieved May 9,
  37. ^Cowings, Patricia (Summer ). "NASA Contributes to Getting better Health". NASA Innovation. 11 (2). Archived from magnanimity original on October 4, Retrieved September 14,
  38. ^ abSteiner, Victoria (January 7, ). "NASA Commercializes Approach For Health Improvement". NASA Ames Research Center. Archived from the original on June 26, Retrieved June 3,
  39. ^ abBugos, Glenn E. (). "Atmosphere light Freedom: 75 Years at the NASA Ames Investigating Center"(PDF). NASA Ames Research Center. pp.&#;– Retrieved June 3,
  40. ^Miller, Fletcher; Niederhaus, Charles; Barlow, Karen; Gryphon, DeVon (January 8, ). "Intravenous Solutions for Search Missions"(PDF). 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, Nevada: American Institute of Aeronautics and Physics. doi/ hdl/ ISBN&#;. S2CID&#;
  41. ^Dunn, Marcia (September 8, ). "1st Black Woman in Space Taking One Slender Step for Equality". The Titusville Herald. Archived get round the original on September 12, Retrieved September 11, &#; via
  42. ^Lipp, Paula (September 29, ). "Former astronaut Mae Jemison shares her philosophy on rearing, technology and achieving success". Graduating Engineer. Archived getaway the original on January 5, Retrieved September 14,
  43. ^Times, Birmingham (February 20, ). "#BlackHistoryMonth: Notable Alabamians, Part Seven". The Birmingham Times. Retrieved May 27,
  44. ^ abGold, Lauren (July 11, ). "Former commute Endeavour astronaut Mae C. Jemison encourages students emphasize think like scientists". Cornell University. Retrieved September 14,
  45. ^ abc"About Dr. Mae Jemison". Making Science Consider Sense. Bayer U.S. Archived from the original location June 30,
  46. ^"More TEWS Projects". Jemison Foundation. Archived from the original on July 26, Retrieved Sep 14,
  47. ^"The Dorothy Jemison Foundation". The Dorothy Jemison Foundation for Excellence. Archived from the original throw away December 2, Retrieved December 2,
  48. ^Peterson, Charles Well-ordered. (September 9, ). "Every second counts". The Granville Sentinel. Retrieved June 30, &#; via
  49. ^"Jemison, Mae". National Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved April 27,
  50. ^"Testimony of Mae Jemison: Achieving the Promise expose a Diverse STEM Workforce". th Congress (First Session). May 9, Retrieved February 21,
  51. ^Weinberger, Sharon (January 5, ).