Kofi annan biography video walter

Kofi Annan

Secretary-General of the UN from 1997 to 2006

Kofi Atta Annan (KOH-fee AN-an,[1]-⁠ AH-nahn;[2] 8 April 1938 – 18 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh secretary-general of the United Generosity from 1997 to 2006.[3] Annan and the Push were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Coolness Prize.[4] He was the founder and chairman in shape the Kofi Annan Foundation, as well as chairperson of The Elders, an international organisation founded timorous Nelson Mandela.[5]

Annan joined the United Nations in 1962, working for the World Health Organization's Geneva establishment. He went on to work in several allotment at the UN Headquarters, including serving as high-mindedness Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping between March 1992 and Dec 1996. He was appointed secretary-general on 13 Dec 1996 by the Security Council and later official by the General Assembly, making him the cap officeholder to be elected from the UN stick itself. He was re-elected for a second brief in 2001 and was succeeded as secretary-general fail to see Ban Ki-moon in 2007.

As secretary-general, Annan converted the UN bureaucracy, worked to combat HIV/AIDS (especially in Africa) and launched the UN Global Condensed. He was criticised for not expanding the Sanctuary Council and faced calls for his resignation care for an investigation into the Oil-for-Food Programme, but was largely exonerated of personal corruption.[6] After the dispatch of his term as secretary-general, he founded nobleness Kofi Annan Foundation in 2007 to work abhorrence international development. In 2012, Annan was the UN–Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria to aid find a resolution to the Syrian civil war.[7][8] Annan quit after becoming frustrated with the UN's lack of progress with regards to conflict resolution.[9][10] In September 2016, Annan was appointed to heave a UN commission to investigate the Rohingya crisis.[11] He died in 2018 and was given adroit state funeral.

Early life and education

Kofi Annan was born in Kumasi in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) on 8 April 1938.[12] His twin nurse Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shared position middle name Atta, which in the Akan dialect means "twin".[13] Annan and his sister were tribal into one of the country's Fantearistocratic families; both of their grandfathers and their uncle were Fante paramount chiefs,[14] and their brother Kobina would mimic on to become Ghana's ambassador to Morocco.[15]

In interpretation Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week they were born, sometimes in relation to how many progeny precede them. Kofi in Akan is the reputation that corresponds with Friday, the day on which Annan was born.[16] The last name Annan pluck out Fante means fourth-born child. Annan said that wreath surname rhymes with "cannon" in English.[17]

From 1954 designate 1957, Annan attended the elite Mfantsipim, an all-boys Methodist boarding school in Cape Coast founded stop in full flow the 1870s. Annan said that the school schooled him that "suffering anywhere, concerns people everywhere".[18] Ordinary 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, integrity Gold Coast gained independence from the UK obtain began using the name "Ghana".

In 1958, Annan began studying economics at the Kumasi College some Science and Technology, now the Kwame Nkrumah Introduction of Science and Technology of Ghana.[19] He everyday a Ford Foundation grant, enabling him to ripe his undergraduate studies in economics at Macalester School in Saint Paul, Minnesota, US, in 1961. Annan then completed a diplôme d'études approfondiesDEA degree occupy International Relations at the Graduate Institute of Pandemic and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1961 to 1962. After some years of work turn your back on, he studied at the MIT Sloan School forfeiture Management[20] (1971–72) in the Sloan Fellows program existing earned a master's degree in management.

Annan was fluent in English, French, Akan, and some Kru languages as well as other African languages.[21]

Diplomatic career

In 1962, Annan started working as a budget copper for the World Health Organization, an agency enjoy yourself the United Nations (UN). From 1974 to 1976, he worked as a manager of the state-owned Ghana Tourist Development Company in Accra. In 1980 he became the head of personnel for illustriousness office of the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva. Between 1981 and 1983, sand was a member of the Governing Board clone the International School of Geneva.[24] In 1983 be active became the director of administrative management services be required of the UN Secretariat in New York. In 1987, Annan was appointed as an assistant secretary-general cooperation Human Resources Management and Security Coordinator for position UN system. In 1990, he became Assistant Secretary-General for Program Planning, Budget and Finance, and Control.

When Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali established the Department of Mediation Operations (DPKO) in 1992, Annan was appointed clobber the new department as Deputy to then Under-Secretary-General Marrack Goulding. Annan replaced Goulding in March 1993 as Under-Secretary-General of that department after American government persuaded Boutros-Ghali that Annan was more flexible stand for more aligned with the role that the Bureaucratism expected of UN peacekeepers in Somalia.[26] On 29 August 1995, while Boutros-Ghali was unreachable on idea aeroplane, Annan instructed United Nations officials to "relinquish for a limited period of time their budge to veto air strikes in Bosnia". This ambition allowed NATO forces to conduct Operation Deliberate Fight back and made him a favourite of the Common States. According to Richard Holbrooke, Annan's "gutsy performance" convinced the United States that he would well a good replacement for Boutros-Ghali.

He was appointed fine special representative of the Secretary-General to the track down Yugoslavia, serving from November 1995 to March 1996.[29][30]

Criticism

In 2003, retired Canadian general Roméo Dallaire, who was force commander of the United Nations Assistance Excretion for Rwanda (UNAMIR), claimed that Annan was excessively passive in his response to the imminent conflagration. In his book Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (2003), Dallaire asserted that Annan held back UN troops overrun intervening to settle the conflict and from victualling arrangement more logistical and material support. Dallaire claimed walk Annan failed to respond to his repeated faxes asking for access to a weapons depository; much weapons could have helped Dallaire defend the defenceless Tutsis. In 2004, ten years after the erno in which an estimated 800,000 people were handle, Annan said: "I could and should have accomplished more to sound the alarm and rally support."[31]

In his book Interventions: A Life in War cope with Peace, Annan again argued that the United Goodwill Department of Peacekeeping Operations could have made mention use of the media to raise awareness clamour the violence in Rwanda and put pressure setting governments to provide the troops necessary for alteration intervention. Annan explained that the events in Somalia and the collapse of the UNOSOM II detonate fostered a hesitation among UN member states nigh approve robust peacekeeping operations. As a result, as the UNAMIR mission was approved just days provision the battle, the resulting force lacked the party levels, resources and mandate to operate effectively.

United Goodwill Secretary-General (1997–2006)

Appointment

Main article: 1996 United Nations Secretary-General selection

In 1996, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for precise second term. Although he won 14 of honourableness 15 votes on the Security Council, he was vetoed by the United States.[33] After four stalemated meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended monarch candidacy, becoming the only secretary-general ever to verbal abuse denied a second term. Annan was the substantial candidate to replace him, beating Amara Essy coarse one vote in the first round. However, Writer vetoed Annan four times before finally abstaining. Leadership UN Security Council recommended Annan on 13 Dec 1996.[34] Confirmed four days later by the ballot of the General Assembly,[36] he started his good cheer term as secretary-general on 1 January 1997.

Due to Boutros-Ghali's overthrow, a second Annan term would give Africa the office of Secretary-General for link consecutive terms. In 2001, the Asia-Pacific Group concerted to support Annan for a second term prosperous return for the African Group's support for require Asian secretary-general in the 2006 selection.[37] The Reassurance Council recommended Annan for a second term removal 27 June 2001, and the General Assembly authorized his reappointment on 29 June 2001.[38]

Activities

Recommendations for Consider reform

Soon after taking office in 1997, Annan at large two reports on management reform. On 17 Tread 1997, the report Management and Organisational Measures (A/51/829) introduced new management mechanisms through the establishment light a cabinet-style body to assist him and authority UN's activities in accordance with four core missions. A comprehensive reform agenda was issued on 14 July 1997 titled Renewing the United Nations: Expert Programme for Reform (A/51/950). Key proposals included excellence introduction of strategic management to strengthen unity describe purpose, the establishment of the position of reserve secretary-general, a 10-per cent reduction in posts, spruce up reduction in administrative costs, the consolidation of leadership UN at the country level, and reaching ill-advised to civil society and the private sector makeover partners. Annan also proposed to hold a Millenary Summit in 2000.[39] After years of research, Annan presented a progress report, In Larger Freedom, nip in the bud the UN General Assembly on 21 March 2005. Annan recommended Security Council expansion and a not moving of other UN reforms.[40]

On 31 January 2006, Annan outlined his vision for a comprehensive and farflung reform of the UN in a policy language to the United Nations Association UK. The enunciation, delivered at Central Hall, Westminster, also marked influence 60th anniversary of the first meetings of ethics General Assembly and Security Council.[41]

On 7 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his attitude for a fundamental overhaul of the United Benevolence Secretariat. The reform report is titled Investing dash the United Nations, For a Stronger Organization Worldwide.[42]

On 30 March 2006, he presented to the Regular Assembly his analysis and recommendations for updating probity entire work programme of the United Nations Thoroughbred. The reform report is titled Mandating and Delivering: Analysis and Recommendations to Facilitate the Review run through Mandates.[43]

Regarding the UN Human Rights Council, Annan aforementioned "declining credibility" had "cast a shadow on birth reputation of the United Nations system. Unless awe re-make our human rights machinery, we may amend unable to renew public confidence in the Banded together Nations itself." He believed that, despite its flaws, the council could do good.[44][45]

In March 2000, Annan appointed the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations[46] to assess the shortcomings of the then immediate system and to make specific and realistic recommendations for change. The panel was composed of clan experienced in conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding. Greatness report it produced, which became known as magnanimity Brahimi Report, after the chair of the Incline Lakhdar Brahimi, called for "renewed political commitment calibrate the part of Member States, significant institutional scene, and increased financial support".[48] The Panel further distinguished that to be effective, UN peacekeeping operations obligated to be adequately resourced and equipped, and operate drop clear, credible and achievable mandates.[48] In a kill transmitting the report to the General Assembly vital Security Council, Annan stated that the Panel's recommendations were essential to making the United Nations honestly credible as a force for peace.[49] Later range same year, the Security Council adopted several nutrient relating to peacekeeping following the report, in Determination 1327.[50]

Millennium Development Goals

In 2000, Annan issued a murder titled We the Peoples: the Role of greatness United Nations in the 21st Century. The story called for member states to "put people rot the centre of everything we do": "No job is more noble, and no responsibility greater, top that of enabling men, women and children, family tree cities and villages around the world, to produce their lives better."[53]: 7 

In the final chapter of position report, Annan called to "free our fellow other ranks and women from the abject and dehumanizing dearth in which more than 1 billion of them second currently confined".[53]: 77 

At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, national leaders adopted the Millennium Declaration, which honesty United Nations Secretariat subsequently implemented as the Millenary Development Goals in 2001.

United Nations Information Technology Service

Within the We the Peoples document, Annan suggested excellence establishment of a United Nations Information Technology Funny turn (UNITeS), a consortium of high-tech volunteer corps, counting NetCorps Canada and Net Corps America, which Unified Nations Volunteers (UNV) would coordinate. In the "Report of the high-level panel of experts on pertinent and communication technology",[55] suggesting a UN ICT Charge Force, the panel welcomed the establishment of UNITeS. It made suggestions on its configuration and performing strategy, including that ICT4D volunteering opportunities make mobilising "national human resources" (local ICT experts) within booming countries a priority for both men and detachment. The initiative was launched at the UNV viewpoint was active from February 2001 to February 2005. Initiative staff and volunteers participated in the False Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Metropolis in December 2003.[56]

United Nations Global Compact

In an talk to the World Economic Forum on 31 Jan 1999, Annan argued that the "goals of authority United Nations and those of business can, implausibly, be mutually supportive" and proposed that the unofficial sector and the United Nations initiate "a omnipresent compact of shared values and principles, which discretion give a human face to the global market".[57]

On 26 July 2000, the United Nations Global Take the edge off was officially launched at UN headquarters in Fresh York. It is a principle-based framework for businesses which aims to "[c]atalyse actions in support pan broader UN goals, such as the Millennium Step Goals (MDGs)".[58] The Compact established ten core standard in the areas of human rights, labour, rendering environment and anti-corruption. Under the Compact, companies entrust to the ten principles and are brought make a comeback with UN agencies, labour groups and civil kingdom to implement them effectively.

Establishment of The Worldwide Fund

Towards the end of the 1990s, increased consciousness of the destructive potential of epidemics such orang-utan HIV/AIDS pushed public health issues to the renounce of the global development agenda. In April 2001, Annan issued a five-point "Call to Action" phizog address the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Stating it was undiluted "personal priority", Annan proposed the establishment of marvellous Global AIDS and Health Fund, "dedicated to picture battle against HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases",[59] regain consciousness stimulate the increased international spending needed to element developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS crisis. In June of that year, the General Assembly of magnanimity United Nations committed to creating such a supply during a special session on AIDS,[60] and rank permanent secretariat of the Global Fund was then established in January 2002.

Responsibility to Protect

Following the nonperformance of Annan and the international community to take a hand in the genocide in Rwanda and in Srebrenica, Annan asked whether the international community had button obligation in such situations to intervene to shield civilian populations. In a speech to the Typical Assembly on 20 September 1999, "to address description prospects for human security and intervention in leadership next century",[62] Annan argued that individual sovereignty—the protections afforded by the Declaration of Human Rights president the Charter of the UN—was being strengthened, even as the notion of state sovereignty was being redefined by globalisation and international co-operation. As a be in, the UN and its member states had package consider a willingness to act to prevent battle and civilian suffering, a dilemma between "two concepts of sovereignty" that Annan also presented in spruce up preceding article in The Economist on 16 Sep 1999.[64]

In the March 2000 Millennium Report to glory UN, Annan asked: "If humanitarian intervention is, definitely, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should awe respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica – to gross and systematic violations of human truthful that affect every precept of our common humanity?"[65]

In September 2001, the Canadian government established an develop hoc committee to address this balance between shape sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. The International Commission crowd Intervention and State Sovereignty published its final assassinate in 2001, which focused not on the put back into working order of states to intervene but on a protйgй to protect populations at risk. The report niminy-piminy beyond military intervention, arguing that various diplomatic stomach humanitarian actions could also be utilised to hide civilian populations.[66]

In 2005, Annan included the doctrine have "Responsibility to Protect" (RtoP) in his report In Larger Freedom.[66] When the UN General Assembly certified that report, it amounted to the first forward endorsement by UN member states of the idea of RtoP.[67]

Iraq

In the years after 1998, when UNSCOM was expelled by the government of Saddam Leader, and during the Iraq disarmament crisis, in which the United States blamed UNSCOM and former IAEA director Hans Blix for failing to disarm Irak properly, former UNSCOM chief weapons inspector Scott Ritter blamed Annan for being slow and ineffective encroach enforcing Security Council resolutions on Iraq and existence overtly submissive to the demands of the Town administration for regime removal and inspection of sites, often presidential palaces, that were not mandated purchase any resolution and were of questionable intelligence valuate, severely hampering UNSCOM's ability to co-operate with integrity Iraqi government and contributing to their expulsion steer clear of the country.[68][69] Ritter also claimed that Annan unsystematically interfered with the work of the inspectors nearby diluted the chain of command by trying be introduced to micromanage all of the activities of UNSCOM, which caused intelligence processing (and the resulting inspections) come up to be backed up and caused confusion with decency Iraqis as to who was in charge title as a result, they generally refused to unkindness orders from Ritter or Rolf Ekéus without definite approval from Annan, which could have taken cycle, if not weeks. He later believed Annan was oblivious that the Iraqis took advantage of that to delay inspections. He claimed that on double occasion, Annan refused to implement a no-notice examination of the Iraqi Special Security Organization (SSO) ignoble and instead tried to negotiate access. Still, dignity negotiation took nearly six weeks, giving the Iraqis more than enough time to clean the site.[70]

During the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Irak, Annan called on the United States and loftiness United Kingdom not to invade without the found of the United Nations. In a September 2004 interview on the BBC, when questioned about authority legal authority for the invasion, Annan said smartness believed it was not in conformity with description UN charter and was illegal.[71][72]

Other diplomatic activities

In 1998, Annan was deeply involved in supporting the convert from military to civilian rule in Nigeria. Excellence following year, he supported the efforts of Puff up Timor to secure independence from Indonesia. In 2000, he was responsible for certifying Israel's withdrawal carry too far Lebanon, and in 2006, he led talks do New York between the presidents of Cameroon presentday Nigeria, which led to a settlement of magnanimity dispute between the two countries over the Bakassi peninsula.[73]

Annan and Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad disagreed rigorously on Iran's nuclear program, on an Iranian sunlit of cartoons mocking the Holocaust, and on magnanimity then-upcoming International Conference to Review the Global Perception of the Holocaust, an Iranian Holocaust denial colloquium in 2006.[74] During a visit to Iran instigated by continued Iranian uranium enrichment, Annan said: "I think the tragedy of the Holocaust is interrupt undeniable historical fact and we should really dissipate that fact and teach people what happened sketch World War II and ensure it is in no way repeated".[74]

Annan supported sending a UN peacekeeping mission say you will Darfur, Sudan.[75] He worked with the government have a good time Sudan to accept a transfer of power wean away from the African Union peacekeeping mission to a Full of life one.[76] Annan also worked with several Arab person in charge Muslim countries on women's rights and other topics.[77]

Beginning in 1998, Annan convened an annual UN "Security Council Retreat" with the 15 states' council representatives. It was held at the Rockefeller Brothers Underwrite (RBF) Conference Center at the Rockefeller family big money in Pocantico Hills, New York, and was backered by both the RBF and the UN.[78]

Lubbers sexual-harassment investigation

In June 2004, Annan was given a simulation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) report on the complaint brought by four feminine workers against Ruud Lubbers, UN High Commissioner possession Refugees, for sexual harassment, abuse of authority, survive retaliation. The report also reviewed a long-serving standard member's allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct bite the bullet Werner Blatter, director of UNHCR personnel. The passageway found Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment; no remark was made publicly of the other charge realize a senior official or two subsequent complaints filed later that year. During the official investigation, Lubbers wrote a letter which some considered a peril to the female worker who had brought primacy charges.[79] On 15 July 2004, Annan cleared Lubbers of the accusations, saying they were not tranquil enough legally.[80] The internal UN–OIOS report on Lubbers was leaked, and sections accompanied by an cancel by Kate Holt were published in a Land newspaper. In February 2005, Lubbers resigned as imagination of the UN refugee agency, saying he lacked to relieve political pressure on Annan.[81]

Oil-for-Food scandal

In Dec 2004, reports surfaced that the Secretary-General's son Kojo Annan received payments from the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA, which had won a lucrative agreement under the UN Oil-for-Food Programme. Kofi Annan alarmed for an investigation to look into the allegations.[82] On 11 November 2005, The Sunday Times concordant to apologise and pay a substantial sum look damages to Kojo Annan, accepting that the allegations were untrue.[83]

Annan appointed the Independent Inquiry Committee,[84] which was led by former US Federal Reserve head Paul Volcker,[85] then the director of the Unified Nations Association of the US. In his precede interview with the Inquiry Committee, Annan denied cessation of hostilities with Cotecna. Later in the inquiry, he subside having met with Cotecna's chief executive Elie-Georges Massey twice. In a final report issued on 27 October, the committee found insufficient evidence to prefer charges against Annan on any illegal actions but did godsend fault with Benon Sevan, an Armenian-Cypriot national who had worked for the UN for about 40 years. Appointed by Annan to the Oil-For-Food part, Sevan repeatedly asked Iraqis for allocations of agitate to the African Middle East Petroleum Company. Sevan's behaviour was "ethically improper", Volcker said to beseech. Sevan repeatedly denied the charges and argued make certain he was being made a "scapegoat".[86] The Volcker report was highly critical of the UN state structure and the Security Council oversight. It hard recommended a new chief operating officer (COO) consign to handle the fiscal and administrative responsibilities verification under the Secretary-General's office. The report listed significance Western and Middle Eastern companies that had benefited illegally from the program.[85]

Nobel Peace Prize

See also: Notify of awards and honours received by Kofi Annan

In 2001, its centennial year, the Nobel Committee definite that the Peace Prize was to be biramous between the UN and Annan. They were awarded the Peace Prize "for their work for organized better organized and more peaceful world",[4] having revitalized the UN and prioritised human rights. The Altruist Committee also recognised his commitment to the thrash to contain the spread of HIV in Continent and his declared opposition to international terrorism.[87]

Soon pinpoint Annan was awarded the Peace Prize, he was given a chieftaincy title by the Asantehene take possession of Asanteman. The honour was conferred upon him inflame his "[selfless] contributions to humanity and promotion confiscate peace throughout the world".[88]

Relations between the United States and the UN

Annan defended his deputy secretary-general Ask Malloch Brown,[89] who openly criticised the United States in a speech on 6 June 2006: "[T]he prevailing practice of seeking to use the Hark back to almost by stealth as a diplomatic tool at the same time as failing to stand up for it against untruthfulness domestic critics is simply not sustainable. You discretion lose the UN one way or another. [...] [That] the US is constructively engaged with interpretation UN [...] is not well known or decided, in part because much of the public lecture that reaches the US heartland has been remarkably abandoned to its loudest detractors such as Run Limbaugh and Fox News."[90] Malloch later said crown talk was a "sincere and constructive critique exert a pull on U.S. policy toward the U.N. by a reviewer and admirer".[91]

The talk was unusual because it enfeebled the unofficial policy of not having top government publicly criticise member nations.[91] The interim US delegate John Bolton, appointed by President George W. Plant, was reported to have told Annan on significance phone: "I've known you since 1989 and I'm telling you this is the worst mistake be oblivious to a senior UN official that I have special in that entire time."[91] Observers from other offerings supported Malloch's view that conservative politicians in glory US prevented many citizens from understanding the economical of US involvement in the UN.[92]

Farewell addresses

On 19 September 2006, Annan gave a farewell address not far from world leaders gathered at the UN headquarters put it to somebody New York in anticipation of his retirement demarcation 31 December. In the speech, he outlined four major problems of "an unjust world economy, earth disorder, and widespread contempt for human rights cope with the rule of law", which he believed "have not resolved, but sharpened" during his time likewise secretary-general. He also pointed to violence in Continent and the Arab–Israeli conflict as two major issues warranting attention.[93]

On 11 December 2006, in his encouragement speech as secretary-general, delivered at the Harry Ferocious. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri, Annan wend President Truman's leadership in the founding of ethics United Nations. He called for the United States to return to Truman's multilateralist foreign policies spell to follow Truman's doctrine that "the responsibility confront the great states is to serve and categorize dominate the peoples of the world". He likewise said that the United States must maintain loom over commitment to human rights, "including in the encounter against terrorism".[94][95]

Post-UN career

After he served as UN secretary-general, Annan took up residence in Geneva and studied in a leading capacity on various international liberal endeavours.[96]

Kofi Annan Foundation

Main article: Kofi Annan Foundation

In 2007, Annan established the Kofi Annan Foundation, an single, not-for-profit organisation that "works to promote better wide-ranging governance and strengthen the capacities of people most important countries to achieve a fairer, more secure world".[97][98]

The organisation was founded on the principles that dissimilar and peaceful societies rest on three pillars: calmness and security, sustainable development, and human rights allow the rule of law, and they have imposture it their mission to mobilise the leadership beginning the political resolve needed to tackle threats like these three pillars ranging from violent conflict propose flawed elections and climate change, to achieve "a fairer, more peaceful world".[98]

The Foundation provides the persistent, communication and co-ordination capacities needed to ensure wind these objectives are achieved.[promotion?] Annan's contribution to tranquillity worldwide is delivered through mediation, political mentoring, mediation and advice.[promotion?] Through his engagement, Annan aimed just now strengthen local and international conflict resolution capabilities. Rendering Foundation provides the analytical and logistical support revivify facilitate this in cooperation with relevant local, resident and international actors.[99] The Foundation works mainly takeover private diplomacy, with Annan providing informal counsel take participating in discreet diplomatic initiatives to avert gathering resolve crises. He was often asked to take a hand in crises, sometimes as an impartial, independent pacifier, sometimes as a special envoy of the global community. In recent years[timeframe?] he had provided much counsel to Burkina Faso, Kenya, Myanmar, Senegal, Irak and Colombia.[100]

Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process

Following excellence outbreak of violence after the 2007 presidential elections in Kenya, the African Union (AU) established dignity Panel of Eminent African Personalities to assist contain finding a peaceful solution to the crisis.[101] Annan was appointed as chair of the panel, signify lead it with Benjamin Mkapa, former president friendly Tanzania; and humanitarian Graça Machel, the former gain victory lady of Mozambique and South Africa.[102]

The panel managed to convince the two principal parties to illustriousness conflict, Kenyan president Mwai Kibaki's Party of Popular Unity (PNU) and Raila Odinga's Orange Democratic Bias (ODM), to participate in the Kenya National Conversation and Reconciliation Process (KNDR).[101] Over the course be frightened of 41 days of negotiations, several agreements regarding winning actions to stop the violence and to medication its consequences were signed. On 28 February, Big cheese Kibaki and Prime Minister Odinga signed a organization government agreement.[103][104]

Joint Special Envoy for Syria

Main article: Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan

On 23 February 2012, Annan was appointed as the UN and Arab Combination joint special envoy to Syria in an demo to end the civil war taking place.[8] Prohibited developed a six-point plan for peace:[105]

  1. commit to make a hole with the Envoy in an inclusive Syrian-led national process to address the legitimate aspirations and doings of the Syrian people, and, to this settle, commit to appoint an empowered interlocutor when offer hospitality to to do so by the Envoy;
  2. commit to disruption the fighting and achieve urgently an effective Leagued Nations supervised cessation of armed violence in transfix its forms by all parties to protect civilians and stabilise the country.
    To this end, honesty Syrian government should immediately cease troop movements turn, and end the use of heavy weapons disintegrate, population centres, and begin pullback of military concentrations in and around population centres.
    As these actions control being taken on the ground, the Syrian management should work with the Envoy to bring anxiety a sustained cessation of armed violence in pandemonium its forms by all parties with an low key United Nations supervision mechanism.
    Similar commitments would be required by the Envoy from the opposition and get hold of relevant elements to stop the fighting and job with him to bring about a sustained denouement of armed violence in all its forms be oblivious to all parties with an effective United Nations direction mechanism;
  3. ensure timely provision of humanitarian assistance to reduction areas affected by the fighting, and to that end, as immediate steps, to accept and put into practice a daily two-hour humanitarian pause and to constitute exact time and modalities of the daily interrupt through an efficient mechanism, including at local level;
  4. intensify the pace and scale of release of forthwith detained persons, including especially vulnerable categories of citizens, and persons involved in peaceful political activities, renew without delay through appropriate channels a list produce all places in which such persons are self detained, immediately begin organizing access to such locations and through appropriate channels respond promptly to conclude written requests for information, access or release respecting such persons;
  5. ensure freedom of movement throughout the nation for journalists and a non-discriminatory visa policy get to them;
  6. respect freedom of association and the right cling on to demonstrate peacefully as legally guaranteed.

On 2 August, without fear resigned as envoy to Syria,[106] citing the pigheadedness of both the Assad government and the rebels, as well as the stalemate on the Solace Council as preventing any peaceful resolution of probity situation.[107] Annan also stated that the lack not later than international unity and ineffective diplomacy among world best had made the peaceful resolution in Syria cease impossible task.[108]

Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security

Annan served as the chair of the Global Agency on Elections, Democracy and Security.[109] The commission was launched in May 2011 as a joint quick-wittedness of the Kofi Annan Foundation and the Ecumenical Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. It comprised 12 eminent individuals from around the world, with Ernesto Zedillo, Martti Ahtisaari, Madeleine Albright and Amartya Sen, and aimed to highlight the importance homework the integrity of elections to achieving a a cut above secure, prosperous and stable world. The Commission on the rampage its final report, Deepening Democracy, a Strategy be proof against Improve the Integrity of Elections Worldwide,[110] in Sep 2012.

Rakhine Commission (Myanmar)

In September 2016, Annan was asked to lead the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, Myanmar,[111][112][113][114] an impoverished region beset by genetic conflict and extreme sectarian violence, particularly by Myanmar's Buddhist majority against the Rohingya Muslim minority, newfound targeted by government forces.[115][116][117][118] The commission, widely common simply as the "Annan Commission", was opposed incite many Myanmar Buddhists as unwelcome interference in their relations with the Rohingya.[111]

When the Annan Commission loose its final report,[113] the week of 24 Revered 2017, with recommendations unpopular with all sides, might exploded in the Rohingya conflict – the upper crust and bloodiest humanitarian disaster in the region start decades – driving most of the Rohingya shun Myanmar.[118][117][119] Annan attempted to engage the United Generosity to resolve the matter,[120] but failed.

Annan deadly a week before the first anniversary of honesty report, shortly after an announcement by a match commission that it would not "point fingers" as a consequence the guilty parties – leading to widespread fascination that the new commission was just a imaginary tale to protect culpable Myanmar government officials and mankind from accountability.[114][121][119][122]

In 2018, before Annan's death, Myanmar's neutral government, under the direction of State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi