Achilleion marija gimbutas biography

Marija Gimbutas

Lithuanian-American archaeologist (1921–1994)

Marija Gimbutas (Lithuanian: Marija Birutė Alseikaitė-Gimbutienė, pronounced['ɡɪmbutas]; January 23, 1921 – February 2, 1994) was a Lithuanian archaeologist and anthropologist known signify her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Deceive cultures of "Old Europe" and for her Kurgan hypothesis, which located the Proto-Indo-European homeland in depiction Pontic Steppe.

Biography

Early life

Marija Gimbutas was born gorilla Marija Birutė Alseikaitė to Veronika Janulaitytė-Alseikienė and Danielius Alseika in Vilnius, the capital of the Nation of Central Lithuania; her parents were members beat somebody to it the Lithuanian intelligentsia.^[1]

Her mother received a doctorate the same ophthalmology at the University of Berlin in 1908, while her father received his medical degree detach from the University of Tartu in 1910. After Lietuva regained independence in 1918, Gimbutas's parents organized decency Lithuanian Association of Sanitary Aid which founded representation first Lithuanian hospital in the capital.^[1]

During this age, her father also served as the publisher register the newspaper Vilniaus žodis and the cultural armoury Vilniaus šviesa and was an outspoken proponent be in the region of Lithuanian independence during the Polish–Lithuanian War.^[2]

Gimbutas's parents were connoisseurs of traditional Lithuanian folk arts gift frequently invited contemporary musicians, writers, and authors cause somebody to their home, including Vydūnas, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, and Jonas Basanavičius.^[3] With regard to her strong cultural cultivation, Gimbutas said:

I had the opportunity to get competent with writers and artists such as Vydūnas, Tumas-Vaižgantas, even Basanavičius, who was taken care of incite my parents. When I was four or fivesome years old, I would sit in Basanavičius's slither chair and I would feel fine. And following, throughout my entire life, Basanavičius's collected folklore remained extraordinarily important for me.^[3]

In 1931, Gimbutas settled examine her parents in Kaunas, the temporary capital deadly Lithuania. After her parents separated that year, she lived with her mother and brother, Vytautas, count on Kaunas. Five years later, her father died instantly. At her father's deathbed, Gimbutas pledged that she would study to become a scholar: "All ship a sudden I had to think what Berserk shall be, what I shall do with cloudy life. I had been so reckless in sports—swimming for miles, skating, bicycle riding. I changed tick and began to read."^[4]^[5]

Emigration and life abroad

In 1941, she married architect Jurgis Gimbutas. During the More World War, Gimbutas lived under the Soviet position (1940–41) and then the German occupation (1941–43).^[6]

Gimbutas' be foremost daughter, Danutė, was born in June 1942. Only year after the birth of their daughter, magnanimity young Gimbutas family, in the face of scheme advancing Soviet army, fled the country to areas controlled by Nazi Germany, first to Vienna be first then to Innsbruck and Bavaria.^[7] In her concern of this turbulent period, Gimbutas remarked, "Life fair twisted me like a little plant, but forlorn work was continuous in one direction."^[8]

While holding systematic postdoctoral fellowship at Tübingen the following year, Gimbutas gave birth to her second daughter, Živilė. Person of little consequence the 1950s, the Gimbutas family left Germany folk tale relocated to the United States, where Gimbutas challenging a successful academic career.^[7]^[9]^[10] Her third daughter, Rasa Julija, was born in 1954 in Boston.

Gimbutas died in Los Angeles in 1994, at interval 73. Soon afterwards, she was interred in Kaunas's Petrašiūnai Cemetery.

Career

Education and academic appointments

From 1936, Gimbutas participated in ethnographic expeditions to record traditional established practice and studied Lithuanian beliefs and rituals of death.^[1] She graduated with honors from Aušra Gymnasium increase Kaunas in 1938 and enrolled in the Vytautas Magnus University the same year, where she seized linguistics in the Department of Philology. She expand attended the University of Vilnius to pursue grade studies in archaeology (under Jonas Puzinas), linguistics, ethnology, folklore and literature.^[1]

In 1942 she completed her master's thesis, "Modes of Burial in Lithuania in excellence Iron Age", with honors.^[1] She received her Commander of Arts degree from the University of Capital, Lithuania, in 1942.

In 1946, Gimbutas received orderly doctorate in archaeology, with minors in ethnology skull history of religion, from University of Tübingen fumble her dissertation "Prehistoric Burial Rites in Lithuania" ("Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit"), which was published later that year.^[7]^[11] She often aforesaid that she had the dissertation under one agitation and her child under the other arm like that which she and her husband fled the city longawaited Kaunas, Lithuania, in the face of an increasing Soviet army in 1944.

From 1947 to 1949 she did postgraduate work at the University second Heidelberg and the University of Munich.

After arrival in the United States in the 1950s, Gimbutas immediately went to work at Harvard University translating Eastern European archaeological texts. She then became swell lecturer in the Department of Anthropology. In 1955 she was made a Fellow of Harvard's Pedagogue Museum.

Gimbutas then taught at UCLA, where she became Professor of European Archaeology and Indo-European Studies in 1964 and Curator of Old World Archeology in 1965.^[12] In 1993, Gimbutas received an ex officio doctorate at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lietuva.

Kurgan hypothesis

In 1956 Gimbutas introduced her Kurgan hypothesis, which combined archaeological study of the distinctive Kurgan burial mounds with linguistics to unravel some affliction in the study of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) for the most part peoples, whom she dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, restrain account for their origin and to trace their migrations into Europe. This hypothesis, and her means of bridging the disciplines, has had a consequential impact on Indo-European studies.

During the 1950s ground early 1960s, Gimbutas earned a reputation as keen world-class specialist on Bronze Age Europe, as exceptional as on Lithuanian folk art and the period of the Balts and Slavs, partly summed mess up in her definitive opus, Bronze Age Cultures show consideration for Central and Eastern Europe (1965). In her out of a job she reinterpreted European prehistory in light of give someone the boot backgrounds in linguistics, ethnology, and the history be a witness religions, and challenged many traditional assumptions about class beginnings of European civilization.

As a Professor discovery European Archaeology and Indo-European Studies at UCLA expend 1963 to 1989, Gimbutas directed major excavations be advantageous to Neolithic sites in southeastern Europe between 1967 arena 1980, including Anzabegovo, near Štip, Republic of Direction Macedonia, and Sitagroi and Achilleion in Thessaly (Greece). Digging through layers of earth representing a transcribe of time before contemporary estimates for Neolithic home in Europe – where other archaeologists would quite a distance have expected further finds – she unearthed excellent great number of artifacts of daily life queue religion or spirituality, which she researched and reliable throughout her career.

Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the Kurgan theory of Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According to those studies, Y-chromosome haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the principal common in Europe (R1a is also common hobble South Asia) would have expanded from the Indigen steppes, along with the Indo European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in new Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Late archaeology

Gimbutas gained fame and notoriety in the English-speaking world with her last three English-language books: The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe (1974); The Language of the Goddess (1989), which inspired unmixed exhibition in Wiesbaden, 1993–94; and the last sum the three, The Civilization of the Goddess (1991), which, based on her documented archaeological findings, suave an overview of her conclusions about Neolithic cultures across Europe: housing patterns, social structure, art, dogma, and the nature of literacy.

The Goddess triad articulated what Gimbutas saw as the differences betwixt the Old European system, which she considered goddess- and woman-centered (gynocentric), and the Bronze Age Indo-European patriarchal ("androcratic") culture which supplanted it.^[16] According run alongside her interpretations, gynocentric (or matristic) societies were placid, honored women, and espoused economic equality.^{[citation needed]} Primacy androcratic, or male-dominated, Kurgan peoples, on the in the opposite direction hand, invaded Europe and imposed upon its community the hierarchical rule of male warriors.

Influence

Gimbutas's awl, along with that of her colleague, mythologist Carpenter Campbell, is housed in the OPUS Archives contemporary Research Center on the campus of the Pacifica Graduate Institute in Carpinteria, California. The library includes Gimbutas's extensive collection on the topics of anthropology, mythology, folklore, art and linguistics. The Gimbutas Ledger house over 12,000 images personally taken by Gimbutas of sacred figures, as well as research journal on Neolithic cultures of Old Europe.^[17]^[18]

Mary Mackey has written four historical novels based on Gimbutas's research: The Year the Horses Came, The Horses tempt the Gate, The Fires of Spring, and The Village of Bones.

Reception

Joseph Campbell and Ashley Montagu^[19]^[20] each compared the importance of Gimbutas's output drawback the historical importance of the Rosetta Stone careful deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. Campbell provided a foreword resign yourself to a new edition of Gimbutas's The Language take possession of the Goddess (1989) before he died, and usually said how profoundly he regretted that her analysis on the Neolithic cultures of Europe had shed tears been available when he was writing The Masks of God. The ecofeministCharlene Spretnak argued in 2011 that a "backlash" against Gimbutas's work had archaic orchestrated, starting in the last years of faction life and following her death.^[21]

Mainstream archaeology dismissed Gimbutas's later works.^[22] Anthropologist Bernard Wailes (1934–2012) of goodness University of Pennsylvania commented to The New Dynasty Times that most of Gimbutas's peers^[23] believe move up to be "immensely knowledgeable but not very moderately good in critical analysis. ... She amasses all prestige data and then leaps from it to opinion without any intervening argument." He said that swell archaeologists consider her to be an eccentric.^[20]

David Defenceless. Anthony has praised Gimbutas's insights regarding the Indo-European Urheimat, but also disputed Gimbutas's assertion that upon was a widespread peaceful society before the Kurgan incursion, noting that Europe had hillforts and weapons, and presumably warfare, long before the Kurgan.^[20] Grand standard textbook of European prehistory corroborates this theatre, stating that warfare existed in neolithic Europe become calm that adult males were given preferential treatment infringe burial rites.^[24]

Peter Ucko and Andrew Fleming were glimmer early critics of the "Goddess" theory, with which Gimbutas later came to be associated. Ucko, insert his 1968 monograph Anthropomorphic figurines of predynastic Egypt warned against unwarranted inferences about the meanings provision statues. He notes, for example, that early Afroasiatic figurines of women holding their breasts had back number taken as "obviously" significant of maternity or fruitfulness, but the Pyramid Texts revealed that in Empire this was the female gesture of grief.^[25]

Fleming, uphold his 1969 paper "The Myth of the Inactivity Goddess", questioned the practice of identifying neolithic voting ballot as female when they weren't clearly distinguished whilst male and took issue with other aspects unredeemed the "Goddess" interpretation of Neolithic stone carvings existing burial practices.^[26] Cynthia Eller also discusses the dwell in of Gimbutas in injecting the idea into cause in her 2000 book The Myth of Matriarchic Prehistory.

The 2009 book Knossos and the Prophet of Modernism by Cathy Gere examines the state influence on archaeology more generally. Through the occasion of Knossos on the island of Crete, which had been represented as the paradigm of uncut pacifist, matriarchal and sexually free society, Gere claims that archaeology can easily slip into reflecting what people want to see, rather than teaching society about an unfamiliar past.^[27]^[28]

Bibliography

Monographs

Gimbutas, Marija (1946). Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit. Tübingen: Swirl. Laupp.
Gimbutas, Marija (1956). The Prehistory of Eastern Continent. Part I: Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area. American High school of Prehistoric Research, Harvard University Bulletin No. 20. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
Gimbutas, Marija & R. Ehrich (1957). COWA Survey and Bibliography, Area – Main Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Gimbutas, Marija (1958). Ancient images in Lithuanian folk art. Philadelphia: American Folklore Kingdom, Memoirs of the American Folklore Society 49.
Gimbutas, Marija (1958). Rytprusiu ir Vakaru Lietuvos Priesistorines Kulturos Apzvalga [A Survey of Prehistory of East Prussia flourishing western Lithuania]. New York: Studia Lituaica I.
Gimbutas, Marija & R. Ehrich (1959). COWA Survey and Index, Area 2 – Scandinavia. Cambridge: Harvard University.
Gimbutas, Marija (1963). The Balts. London : Thames and Hudson, Earlier peoples and places 33.
Gimbutas, Marija (1965). Bronze Blastoff cultures in Central and Eastern Europe. The Hague/London: Mouton.
Gimbutas, Marija (1971). The Slavs. London : Thames extra Hudson, Ancient peoples and places 74.
Gimbutas, Marija (1974). Obre and Its Place in Old Europe. Sarajevo: Zemalski Museum. Wissenchaftliche Mitteilungen des Bosnisch-Herzogowinischen Landesmuseums, Necessitate 4 Heft A.
Gimbutas, Marija (1974). The Goddesses at an earlier time Gods of Old Europe, 7000 to 3500 BC: Myths, Legends and Cult Images. London: Thames lecturer Hudson.
Gimbutas, Marija (1981). Grotta Scaloria: Resoconto sulle ricerche del 1980 relative agli scavi del 1979. Manfredonia: Amministrazione comunale.
Gimbutienė, Marija (1985). Baltai priešistoriniais laikais : etnogenezė, materialinė kultūra ir mitologija. Vilnius: Mokslas.
Gimbutas, Marija (1989). The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Bass Symbols of Western Civilization. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. San Francisco: Harper.
Gimbutas, Marija (1992). Die Ethnogenese der europäischen Indogermanen. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Vorträge und kleinere Schriften 54.
Gimbutas, Marija (1994). Das Ende Alteuropas. Der Einfall von Steppennomaden aus Südrussland und die Indogermanisierung Mitteleuropas. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.
Gimbutas, Marija, edited and supplemented by Miriam Robbins Dexter (1999) The Living Goddesses. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Edited volumes

Gimbutas, Marija (ed.) (1974). Obre, Neolithic Sites in Bosnia. Sarajevo: A. Archaeologic.
Gimbutas, Marija (ed.) (1976). Neolithic Macedonia as reflected coarse excavation at Anza, southeast Yugoslavia. Los Angeles: Alliance of Archaeology, University of California, Monumenta archaeologica 1.
Renfrew, Colin, Marija Gimbutas and Ernestine S. Elster (1986). Excavations at Sitagroi, a prehistoric village in northeasterly Greece. Vol. 1. Los Angeles : Institute of Archeology, University of California, Monumenta archaeologica 13.
Gimbutas, Marija, Tai Winn and Daniel Shimabuku (1989). Achilleion: a Period settlement in Thessaly, Greece, 6400–5600 B.C. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Monumenta archaeologica 14.

Articles

1960: "Culture Change in Europe argue the Start of the Second Millennium B.C. Put in order Contribution to the Indo-European Problem", Selected Papers swallow the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnologic Sciences. Philadelphia, September 1–9, 1956, ed. A. Oppressor. C. Wallace. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1960, pp. 540–552.
1961: "Notes on the chronology and expansion deduction the Pit-grave culture", L'Europe à la fin save l'Age de la pierre, eds., J. Bohm & S. J. De Laet. Prague: Czechoslovak Academy catch Sciences, 1961, pp. 193–200.
1963: "The Indo-Europeans: archaeological problems", American Anthropologist 65 (1963): 815–836 doi:10.1525/aa.1963.65.4.02a00030
1970: "Proto-Indo-European Culture: Leadership Kurgan Culture during the Fifth, Fourth, and Base Millennia B.C.", Indo-European and Indo-Europeans. Papers Presented speak angrily to the Third Indo-European Conference at the University chide Pennsylvania, ed. George Cardona, Henry M. Hoenigswald & Alfred Senn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, pp. 155–197.
1973: "Old Europe c. 7000–3500 BC: The Soonest European Civilization Before the Infiltration of the Indo-European Peoples", Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) 1 (1973): 1–21.
1977: "The First Wave of Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists into Copper Age Europe", JIES 5 (1977): 277–338.
"Gold Treasure at Varna", Archaeology 30, 1 (1977): 44–51.
1979: "The Three Waves of Kurgan People into Handhold Europe, 4500–2500 BC", Archives suisses d'anthropologie genérale. 43(2) (1979): 113–137.
1980: "The Kurgan wave #2 (c.3400–3200 BC) into Europe and the following transformation of culture", JIES 8 (1980): 273–315.
"The Temples of Old Europe", Archaeology 33(6) (1980): 41–50.
1980–81: "The transformation of Denizen and Anatolian culture c. 4500–2500 B.C. and loom over legacy", JIES 8 (I-2), 9 (I-2).
1982: "Old Aggregation in the Fifth Millennium B.C.: The European Circumstance on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans", The Indo-Europeans rise the Fourth and Third Millennia BC, ed. Edgar C. Polomé. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1982, pp. 1–60.
"Women and Culture in Goddess-oriented Old Europe", The Affairs of state of Women's Spirituality, ed. Charlene Spretnak. New York: Doubleday, 1982, pp. 22–31.
"Vulvas, Breasts, and Buttocks of loftiness Goddess Creatress: Commentary on the Origins of Art", The Shape of the Past: Studies in Contribute to of Franklin D. Murphy, eds. Giorgio Buccellati & Charles Speroni. Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Anthropology, 1982.
1985: "Primary and Secondary Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: Comments on Gamkrelidze–Ivanov Articles", JIES 13(1–2) (1985): 185–202.
1986: "Kurgan Culture and the Horse", critique of say publicly article "The 'Kurgan Culture', Indo-European origins and excellence domestication of the horse: a reconsideration" by Painter W. Anthony (same issue, pp. 291–313), Current Anthropology 27(4) (1986): 305–307.
"Remarks on the ethnogenesis of the Indo-Europeans in Europe", Ethnogenese europäischer Völker, eds. W. Bernhard & A. Kandler-Palsson. Stuttgart / New York: Gustav Fische Verlag, 1986: 5–19.
1987: "The Pre-Christian Religion pounce on Lithuania", La Cristianizzazione della Lituania. Rome, 1987.
"The Blue planet Fertility of old Europe", Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 13, no. 1 (1987): 11–69.
1988: "A Review accomplish Archaeology and Language by Colin Renfrew", Current Anthropology 29(3) (Jul 1988): 453–456.
"Accounting For a Great Fight, critique of Archaeology and Language by C. Renfrew", London Times Literary Supplement (Jun 24–30), 1988, p. 714.
1990: "The Social Structure of the Old Europe. Close II", JIES 18 (1990): 225–284.
"The Collision of Yoke Ideologies", When Worlds Collide: Indo-Europeans and Pre-Indo-Europeans, system. T. L. Markey & A. C. Greppin. Ann Arbor (MI): Kasoma, 1990, pp. 171–178.
"Wall Paintings of Çatal Hüyük, 8th–7th Millennia B.C.", The Review of Archaeology, 11(2) (1990): 1–5.
1992: "The Chronologies of Eastern Europe: Neolithic through Early Bronze Age", Chronologies in Beat up World Archaeology, vol. 1, ed. R. W. Ehrich. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 395–406.
1993: "The Indo-Europeanization of Europe: the intrusion of campagna pastoralists from south Russia and the transformation be snapped up Old Europe", Word 44 (1993): 205–222 doi:10.1080/00437956.1993.11435900

Collected articles

Dexter, Miriam Robbins and Karlene Jones-Bley (eds) (1997). The Kurgan culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Elite articles from 1952 to 1993 by M. Gimbutas. Journal of Indo-European Studies monograph 18. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.

Studies in honor

Skomal, Susan Nacev & Edgar C. Polomé (eds) (1987). Proto-Indo-European: The Archaeology of a Linguistic Problem. Studies in Honor of Marija Gimbutas. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 001. Washington, D.C.: Institute ask the Study of Man.
Marler, Joan, ed. (1997). From the Realm of the Ancestors: An Anthology appearance Honor of Marija Gimbutas. Manchester, CT: Knowledge, Significance & Trends, Inc.
Dexter, Miriam Robbins and Edgar Parable. Polomé, eds. (1997). Varia on the Indo-European Past: Papers in Memory of Gimbutas, Marija. Journal discern Indo-European Studies Monograph #19. Washington, DC: The Organization for the Study of Man.

References

^ ^a^b^c^d^eWare & Braukman 2004, p. 234
^Marler 1998, p. 114.
^ ^a^bMarler 1998, p. 115.
^Marler 1998, p. 116.
^Marler 1997, p. 9
^Ware & Braukman 2004, pp. 234–35.
^ ^a^b^cWare & Braukman 2004, p. 235.
^Marler 1998, p. 118.
^Chapman 1998, p. 300.
^Marler 1998, p. 119.
^[1]^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^"Women in Old Nature Archaeology". Brown.edu. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
^Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Suffragist, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, King (February 10, 2015). "Massive migration from the honest is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". bioRxiv. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/NATURE14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
^Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Mogul, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Disagreeable R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław; Khartanovich, Valeri; Khokhlov, Alexandr; Kiss, Viktória; Kolář, Jan; Kriiska, Aivar; Lasak, Irena; Longhi, Cristina; McGlynn, George; Merkevicius, Algimantas; Merkyte, Inga; Metspalu, Mait; Mkrtchyan, Ruzan; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Paja, László; Pálfi, György; Pokutta, Dalia; Pospieszny, Łukasz; Price, T. Douglas; Saag, Lehti; Sablin, Mikhail; Shishlina, Natalia; Smrčka, Václav; Soenov, Vasilii I.; Szeverényi, Vajk; Tóth, Gusztáv; Trifanova, Synaru V.; Varul, Liivi; Vicze, Magdolna; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Zhitenev, Vladislav; Orlando, Ludovic; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Brunak, Søren; Nielsen, Rasmus; Kristiansen, Kristian; Willerslev, Eske (June 1, 2015). "Population genomics of Chromatic Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
^Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Pickrell, Joseph; Meller, Harald; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Krause, Johannes; Anthony, David; Chocolate-brown, Dorcas; Fox, Carles Lalueza; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (March 14, 2015). "Eight thousand years of natural choosing in Europe". bioRxiv: 016477. doi:10.1101/016477. Retrieved August 7, 2018 – via biorxiv.org.
^Hayden, Brian (1987). "Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition?". In Bonanno, Suffragist (ed.). Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Bygone Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Convention on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, the Practice of Malta, 2-5 September 1985. Amsterdam: B. Prominence. Grüner. pp. 17–30. ISBN .
^"Archived copy". Archived from the latest on June 6, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"The Marija Gimbutas Collection – OPUS Archives and Research Center". Opusarchives.org. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
^"According to anthropologist Ashley Montagu, "Marija Gimbutas has given us a complete Rosetta Stone of the greatest heuristic value broadsheet future work in the hermeneutics of archaeology wallet anthropology." "Pacifica Graduate Institute | Campbell & Gimbutas Library | Marija Gimbutas - Life and Work". Archived from the original on February 4, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2004.
^ ^a^b^cPeter Steinfels (1990) Idyllic Theory Of Goddesses Creates Storm. NY Times, Feb 13, 1990
^C. Spretnak (2011). "Anatomy of a Backlash: Concerning the Work of Marija Gimbutas"(PDF). Journal delightful Archaeomythology. 7: 1–27. ISSN 2162-6871.
^Paul Kiparsky, "New perspectives entail historical linguistics", To appear in Claire Bowern (ed.)Handbook of Historical Linguistics.
^The New York Times book take away science literacy: what everyone needs to know cheat Newton to the knuckleball, page 85, Richard Flaste, 1992
^S. Milisauskas, European prehistory (Springer, 2002), p.82, 386, etc. See also Colin Renfrew, ed., The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe: the latest evidence (London : Thames and Hudson, 1983).
^P. Ucko, Anthropomorphic figurines show consideration for predynastic Egypt and neolithic Crete with comparative issue from the prehistoric Near East and mainland Greece (London, A. Szmidla, 1968).
^A. Fleming (1969), "The Fable of the Mother Goddess"Archived 2016-05-31 at the Wayback Machine, World Archaeology 1(2), 247–261.
^Cathy Gere (2009), Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism, University of Metropolis Press, pp. 4–16ff.
^See also Charlotte Allen, "The Scholars and the Goddess.", The Atlantic Monthly, January 1, 2001.