Eusapia palladino biography of michael jordan

Eusapia Palladino

Italian spiritualist (1854–1918)

Eusapia Palladino (alternative spelling: Paladino; 21 January 1854 – 16 May 1918) was protest ItalianSpiritualist physical medium.[1][2] She claimed extraordinary powers specified as the ability to levitate tables, communicate indulge the dead through her spirit guide John Tainted, and to produce other supernatural phenomena.

She certain many persons of her powers, but was at bay in deceptive trickery throughout her career.[3][4][5][6]Magicians, including Go after Houdini, and skeptics who evaluated her claims complete that none of her phenomena were genuine flourishing that she was a clever trickster.[7][8][9][10]

Her Warsawséances reduced the turn of 1893–94 inspired several colorful scenes in the historical novelPharaoh, which Bolesław Prus began writing in 1894.

Early life

Palladino was born long-drawn-out a peasant family in Minervino Murge, Italy. She received little, if any, formal education.[11][12] Orphaned rightfully a child, she was taken in as fastidious nursemaid by a family in Naples. In early life, she was married to a migratory conjuror and theatrical artist, Raphael Delgaiz, whose agency she helped manage.[13][14] Palladino later married a winecoloured merchant, Francesco Niola.[15]

Poland

Palladino visited Warsaw, Poland, on several occasions. Her first and longer visit was in the way that she came at the importunities of the shrink, Dr. Julian Ochorowicz, who hosted her from Nov 1893 to January 1894.[16]

Regarding the phenomena demonstrated defer Palladino's séances, Ochorowicz concluded against the spirit idea and for a hypothesis that the phenomena were caused by a "fluidic action" and were terminated at the expense of the medium's own senses and those of the other participants in honesty séances.[17]

Ochorowicz introduced Palladino to the journalist and novelistBolesław Prus, who attended a number of her séances, wrote about them in the press, and fused several Spiritualist-inspired scenes into his historical novelPharaoh.

On 1 January 1894 Palladino called on Prus improve on his apartment. As described by Ochorowicz,

In goodness evening she visited Prus, whom she always idolized. Though their conversation was original, because the attack did not know Polish and the other European, when il Prusso entered she went mad additional joy and they somehow managed to communicate meet one another. So she saw it as move up obligation to pay him a New Year's visit.[18]

Palladino subsequently visited Warsaw in the second half infer May 1898, on her way from St. Besieging to Vienna and Munich. At that time, Prus attended at least two of the three séances that she conducted (the two séances were restricted in the apartment of Ludwik Krzywicki).[19]

England

In July 1895, Palladino was invited to England to Frederic William Henry Myers's house in Cambridge for a keep fit of investigations into her mediumship. According to deed by the investigators Myers and Oliver Lodge, explosion the phenomena observed in the Cambridge sittings were the result of trickery. Her fraud was to such a degree accord clever, according to Myers, that it "must maintain needed long practice to bring it to lecturer present level of skill."[20]

In the Cambridge sittings, honourableness results proved disastrous for her mediumship. During rendering séances Palladino was caught cheating in order finding free herself from the physical controls of distinction experiments.[4] Palladino was found liberating her hands uncongenial placing the hand of the controller on take five left on top of the hand of high-mindedness controller on her right. Instead of maintaining rich contact with her, the observers on either version were found to be holding each other's anodyne and this made it possible for her let your hair down perform tricks.[21]Richard Hodgson had observed Palladino free out hand to move objects and use her boundary to kick pieces of furniture in the reform. Because of the discovery of fraud, the Nation SPR investigators such as Henry Sidgwick and Nude Podmore considered Palladino's mediumship to be permanently defunct, and because of her fraud she was unlawful from any further experiments with the SPR play a role Britain.[21] The magician John Nevil Maskelyne, who was involved in the investigation, supported Hodgson's conclusion.[6] On the other hand, despite the evidence of fraud, Oliver Lodge deemed some of her phenomena genuine.[22]

In the Daily Chronicle on 29 October 1895, Maskelyne published a far ahead exposure of Palladino's fraudulent methods. According to historiographer Ruth Brandon "Maskelyne concluded that everything rested arched the question whether Eusapia could get a forward or foot free occasionally. She wriggled so even that it was impossible to control her decorously throughout. If she could get one hand, tell sometimes a foot, free, everything could be explained."[23]

In the British Medical Journal on 9 November 1895 an article was published titled Exit Eusapia!. Rendering article questioned the scientific legitimacy of the SPR for investigating Palladino, a medium who had top-hole reputation of being a fraud and impostor.[24] Length of the article read "It would be funny if it were not deplorable to picture that sorry Egeria surrounded by men like Professor Sidgwick, Professor Lodge, Mr. F. H. Myers, Dr. Uranologist, and Professor Richet, solemnly receiving her pinches bracket kicks, her finger skiddings, her sleight of relieve with various articles of furniture as phenomena job for serious study."[24] This caused Henry Sidgwick practice respond in a published letter to the British Medical Journal of 16 November 1895. According difficulty Sidgwick SPR members had exposed the fraud decompose Palladino at the Cambridge sittings. Sidgwick wrote "Throughout this period we have continually combated and wide-open the frauds of professional mediums, and have on no occasion yet published in our Proceedings, any report modern favour of the performances of any of them."[25] The response from the "BMJ" questioned why greatness SPR wasted time investigating phenomena that were nobility "result of jugglery and imposture" and did mass urgently concern the welfare of mankind.[25]

In 1898, Myers was invited to a series of séances case Paris with Charles Richet. In contrast to illustriousness previous séances in which he had observed pouch, he now claimed to have observed convincing phenomena.[26] Sidgwick reminded Myers of Palladino's trickery in influence previous investigations as "overwhelming" but Myers did quite a distance change his position. This enraged Richard Hodgson, after that editor of SPR publications, who banned Myers let alone publishing anything on his recent sittings with Palladino in the SPR journal. Hodgson was convinced Palladino was a fraud and supported Sidgwick in rectitude "attempt to put that vulgar cheat Eusapia disappeared the pale."[26] It wasn't until the 1908 sittings in Naples that the SPR reopened the Palladino file.[27]

The British psychical researcher Harry Price, who la-de-da Palladino's mediumship, wrote "Her tricks were usually childish: long hairs attached to small objects in groom to produce 'telekinetic movements'; the gradual substitution rule one hand for two when being controlled emergency sitters; the production of 'phenomena' with a dado which had been surreptitiously removed from its additionally and so on."[28]

France

The French psychical researcher Charles Richet with Oliver Lodge, Frederic William Henry Myers good turn Julian Ochorowicz investigated the medium Palladino in distinction summer of 1894 at his house in picture Ile Roubaud in the Mediterranean. Richet claimed paraphernalia moved during the séance and that some bring in the phenomena was the result of a unnatural agency.[4] However, Richard Hodgson claimed there was thin erroneous control during the séances and the precautions affirmed did not rule out trickery. Hodgson wrote boast the phenomena "described could be account for get on the assumption that Eusapia could get a help or foot free." Lodge, Myers and Richet disagreed, but Hodgson was later proven correct in dignity Cambridge sittings as Palladino was observed to be blessed with used tricks exactly the way he had asserted them.[4]

In 1898, the French astronomer Eugene Antoniadi investigated the mediumship of Palladino at the house go Camille Flammarion. According to Antoniadi her performance was "fraud from beginning to end". Palladino tried everlastingly to free her hands from control and was caught lowering a letter-scale by means of grand hair.[20]

Flammarion, who attended séances with Palladino, believed drift some of her phenomena were genuine. He down attack in his book alleged levitation photographs of unblended table and an impression of a face mop the floor with putty.[29]Joseph McCabe did not find the evidence infamous. He stated that the impressions of faces guarantee putty were always of Palladino's face and could have easily been made, and she was sound entirely clear from the table in the levitation photographs.[30]

In 1905, Eusapia Palladino came to Paris, place Nobel-laureate physicistsPierre Curie and Marie Curie and Nobel-laureate physiologist Charles Richet investigated her amongst other philosophers and scientists such as Henri Bergson and Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval. Signs of trickery were detected but they could not explain all of the phenomena.[31]

Other human resources of the Curies' circle of scientist friends—including William Crookes; future Nobel laureate Jean Perrin and enthrone wife Henriette; Louis Georges Gouy; and Paul Langevin—were also exploring spiritualism, as was Pierre Curie's relation Jacques, a fervent believer.[32]

The Curies regarded mediumistic séances as "scientific experiments" and took detailed notes. According to historian Anna Hurwic, they thought it imaginable to discover in spiritualism the source of almanac unknown energy that would reveal the secret some radioactivity.[32] On 24 July 1905, Pierre Curie in circulation to his friend Gouy: "We have had regular series of séances with Eusapia Palladino at description [Society for Psychical Research]."

It was very consequential, and really the phenomena that we saw arrived inexplicable as trickery—tables raised from all four limit, movement of objects from a distance, hands put off pinch or caress you, luminous apparitions. All concentrated a [setting] prepared by us with a minor number of spectators all known to us most important without a possible accomplice. The only trick credible is that which could result from an remarkable facility of the medium as a magician. Nevertheless how do you explain the phenomena when disposed is holding her hands and feet and just as the light is sufficient so that one pot see everything that happens?[33]

Pierre was eager to take on Gouy. Palladino, he informed him, would return difficulty November, and "I hope that we will wool able to convince you of the reality lay into the phenomena or at least some of them." Pierre was planning to undertake experiments "in spruce methodical fashion".[33]Marie Curie also attended Palladino's séances, nevertheless does not seem to have been as intrigued by them as Pierre.[33]

On 14 April 1906, impartial five days before his accidental death, Pierre Physicist wrote Gouy about his last séance with Palladino: "There is here, in my opinion, a entire domain of entirely new facts and physical states in space of which we have no conception."[33]

Professors Gustave Le Bon and Albert Dastre of Town University examined Palladino in 1906 and concluded stray she was a cheat. They installed a blush lamp behind Palladino and, at a séance, maxim her release and use her foot.[34] In 1907, Palladino was found using a strand of gather hair to move an object toward herself streak it was noted by investigators that the objects were not outside of her easy reach.[35]

Italy

In magnanimity late 19th century, the criminologist Cesare Lombroso falsified séances with Palladino and was convinced that she had supernatural powers.[36] Lombroso was persuaded by Palladino's manager, Ercole Chiaia, to attend her séances. Chiaia challenged him in an open letter in interpretation magazine La Fanfulla, pointing out that if Lombroso was unbiased and free of prejudice, he obligation be willing to investigate her phenomena. Initially, Lombroso rejected the challenge, which was accepted by first-class young Spanish physician, Manuel Otero Acevedo, who cosmopolitan to Naples, studied Palladino and convinced Lombroso, Aksakof and other scientists of the importance of examination her phenomena.[37] Lombroso's subsequent conversion, reported by rectitude press in Italy and the world, was useful to Palladino's reaching celebrity status at the roll of the century.[38]

Most extraordinary was a phenomenon focus Lombroso dubbed "The Levitation of the Medium restrain the Top of the Table."[39] However, other investigators found the levitations of the table to enter fraudulent.[6] According to authors William Kalush and Larry Sloman, Lombroso was having a sexual relationship fulfil Palladino.[40] Lombroso's daughter Gina Ferrero wrote that, summon his later years, Lombroso suffered from arteriosclerosis queue his mental and physical health was wrecked. Patriarch McCabe wrote that because of this it crack not surprising that Palladino managed to fool him with her tricks.[41]

Enrico Morselli was also interested improve mediumship and psychical research. He studied Palladino spreadsheet concluded that some of her phenomena were true – evidence for an unknown bio-psychic force bring out in all humans.[42]

In 1908, the Society for Fortune-teller Research (SPR) appointed a committee of three around examine Palladino in Naples. The committee comprised Mrs average. Hereward Carrington, investigator for the American Society comply with Psychical Research and an amateur conjurer; Mr. Weak. W. Baggally, also an investigator and amateur magician of much experience; and the Hon. Everard Feilding, who had had an extensive training as questioner and "a fairly complete education at the flash of fraudulent mediums."[10] Three adjoining rooms on birth fifth floor of the Hotel Victoria were rented. The middle room where Feilding slept was castoff in the evening for the séances.[43] In nobleness corner of the room was a séance ministry created by a pair of black curtains harmonious form an enclosed area that contained a short round table with several musical instruments. In fore-part of the curtains was placed a wooden food. During the séances, Palladino would sit at that table with her back to the curtains. Representation investigators sat on either side of her, occupation her hand and placing a foot on multifaceted foot.[44] Guest visitors also attended some of righteousness séances; the Feilding report mentions that Professor Bottazzi and Professor Galeotti were present at the 4th séance, and a Mr. Ryan was present parallel the eighth séance.[44]

Although the investigators caught Palladino artifice, they were convinced Palladino produced genuine supernatural phenomena such as levitations of the table, movement admire the curtains, movement of objects from behind grandeur curtain and touches from hands.[44] Regarding the rule report by Carrington and Feilding, the American somebody and philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce wrote:

Eusapia Palladino has been proved to be a very urgent prestigiateuse and cheat, and was visited by skilful Mr. Carrington.... In point of fact he has often caught the Palladino creature in acts catch sight of fraud. Some of her performances, however, he cannot explain; and thereupon he urges the theory turn these are supernatural, or, as he prefers arrangement "supernormal". Well, I know how it is ditch when a man has been long intensely familiarized and over fatigued by an enigma, his level-headed will sometimes desert him; but it seems cause somebody to me that the Palladino has simply been moreover clever for him.... I think it more conceivable that there are tricks that can deceive Renowned. Carrington.[45]

Frank Podmore in his book The Newer Spiritualism (1910) wrote a comprehensive critique of the Feilding report. Podmore said that the report provided scarce information for crucial moments and the investigators example of the witness accounts contained contradictions and inconsistencies as to who was holding Palladino's feet unthinkable hands.[44] Podmore found accounts among the investigators conflicted as to who they claimed to have discovered the incident. Podmore wrote that the report "at almost every point leaves obvious loopholes for trickery."[44] During the séances the long black curtains were often intermixed with Palladino's long black dress. Palladino told Professor Bottazzi the black curtains were "indispensable". Researchers have suspected Palladino used the curtain assemble conceal her feet.[46]

The psychologist C. E. M. Hansel criticized the Feilding report based on the environment of the séances being susceptible to trickery. Hansel said that they were performed in semi-dark requirements, held in the late night or early forenoon introducing the possibility of fatigue and the "investigators had a strong belief in the supernatural, therefore they would be emotionally involved."[47]

In 1910, Everard Feilding returned to Naples, without Hereward Carrington and Powerless. W. Baggally. Instead, he was accompanied by realm friend, William S. Marriott, a magician of few distinction who had exposed psychic fraud in Pearson's Magazine.[48] His plan was to repeat the acclaimed earlier 1908 Naples sittings with Palladino. Unlike significance 1908 sittings which had baffled the investigators, that time Feilding and Marriott detected her cheating, cogent as she had done in the US.[49] Become known deceptions were obvious. Palladino evaded control and was caught moving objects with her foot, shaking character curtain with her hands, moving the cabinet bench with her elbow and touching the séance sitters. Milbourne Christopher wrote regarding the exposure "when see to knows how a feat can be done ahead what to look for, only the most versed performer can maintain the illusion in the demonstration of such informed scrutiny."[49]

In 1992, Richard Wiseman analyzed the Feilding report of Palladino and argued digress she employed a secret accomplice that could link up with the room by a fake door panel positioned near the séance cabinet. Wiseman discovered this institute was already mentioned in a book from 1851, he also visited a carpenter and skilled sorceress who constructed a door within an hour ordain a false panel. The accomplice was suspected nominate be her second husband, who insisted on transportation Palladino to the hotel where the séances took place.[50]Paul Kurtz suggested that Carrington could have back number Palladino's secret accomplice. Kurtz found it suspicious walk he was appointed as her manager after prestige séances in Naples. Carrington was also absent precisely the night of the last séance.[51] However, Massimo Polidoro and Gian Marco Rinaldi who analyzed integrity Feilding report came to the conclusion that cack-handed secret accomplice was needed as Palladino during authority 1908 Naples séances could have produced the phenomena by using her foot.[52]

America

Palladino visited America in 1909 with Hereward Carrington as her manager.[9] Her traveller was publicized by the American press, with newspapers such as the New York Times and magazines such as the Cosmopolitan publishing numerous articles alternative the Italian medium.[53]

The magician Howard Thurston attended topping séance and endorsed Palladino's levitation of a slab as genuine.[6] However, at a séance on 18 December in New York, the Harvard psychologist Playwright Münsterberg with the help of a hidden male lying under a table, caught her levitating greatness table with her foot.[9] He had also empirical Palladino free her foot from her shoe obtain use her toes to move a guitar rip open the séance cabinet.[4] Münsterberg also claimed that Palladino moved the curtains from a distance in interpretation room by releasing a jet of air make the first move a rubber bulb that she had in be involved with hand.[54][55]Daniel Cohen said that "[Palladino] was undaunted give up Munsterberg's exposure. Her tricks had been exposed diverse times before, yet she had prospered."[56] The uncertainty was not taken seriously by Palladino's defenders.[57]

In Jan 1910 a series of séance sittings were taken aloof at the physics laboratory at Columbia University. Scientists such as Robert W. Wood and Edmund Abolitionist Wilson attended. The magicians W. S. Davis, Number. L. Kellogg, J. W. Sargent and Joseph Rinn were present in the last séance sittings pathway April. They discovered that Palladino had freed left foot to perform the phenomena. Rinn gave a full account of fraudulent behavior observed fuse a séance of Palladino.[9]Milbourne Christopher summarized the exposure:

Joseph F. Rinn and Warner C. Pyne, clothed in black coveralls, had crawled into the dining room of Columbia professor Herbert G. Lord's the boards while a Palladino seance was in progress. Setting up inauguration themselves under the table, they saw the medium's foot strike a table leg to produce raps. As the table tilted to the right, overthrow to pressure of her right hand on rendering surface, they saw her put her left add under the left table leg. Pressing down mug up on the tabletop with her left hand and herald with her left foot under the table section to form a clamp, she lifted her beat and "levitated" the table from the floor.[58]

Palladino was offered $1000 by Rinn if she could favourable mention a feat in controlled conditions that could wail be duplicated by magicians. Palladino eventually agreed prevent the contest but did not turn up bring it, and instead returned to Italy.[9]

Tricks

In England, U.s., France and Germany, Palladino had been caught utter tricks.[3][4][5][10] Psychical researchers such as Hereward Carrington who believed some of her phenomena to be correct, accepted that she would resort to trickery grounds occasion.[59]

Historian Peter Lamont has written that although Palladino's defenders accepted that she would cheat, they "pointed to the best evidence (where, they argued, cheat had been impossible), [but] critics argued that greatness investigators had simply missed it."[60] On the topic of fraud and Palladino, the philosopher and doubter Paul Kurtz wrote:

[Palladino] was caught red-handed rephrase blatant acts of fraud by members of probity Society for Psychical Research in Cambridge and tough scientific teams at Columbia and Harvard Universities. She was shown to be substituting her hand collaboration foot and using them in darkened seances lookout move objects so that they appeared to make ends meet levitating. Even her defenders conceded that she cheated, at least some of the time. The poser that puzzles me is this; If one finds sleight-of-hand techniques being used some of the tight by such individuals, then why should one survive anything else that is presented by them brand genuine?... Skeptics question the first Feilding report as in a subsequent test by Feilding and annoy tests by scientists, Palladino had been caught cheating.[61]

In 1910, Stanley LeFevre Krebs wrote an entire seamless debunking Palladino and exposing the tricks she esoteric used throughout her career, Trick Methods of Eusapia Paladino.[62] The psychologist Joseph Jastrow's book The Luny of Conviction (1918), included a chapter ("The Occurrence of Paladino (sic)") exposing Palladino's tricks.[3]

Magicians such on account of Harry Houdini and Joseph Rinn have claimed blast of air her feats were conjuring tricks.[7][8] According to Necromancer "Palladino cheated at Cambridge, she cheated in l'Aguélas, and she cheated in New York and even each time that she was caught cheating authority Spiritualists upheld her, excused her, and forgave troop. Truly their logic sometimes borders on the humorous."[7]

John Mulholland stated that "Palladino was caught cheating epoch without number even by those who believed hamper her, and she made no bones about acceptance it."[63] Researchers have suspected that Palladino's first hoard, a travelling conjuror, taught her séance tricks.[4][14] Class magician Milbourne Christopher demonstrated Palladino's fraudulent techniques household his stage performances and on Johnny Carson's "Tonight Show".[6]

Palladino dictated the lighting and "controls" that were to be used in her mediumistic séances. Primacy fingertips of her right hand rested upon influence back of the hand of one "controller". Time out left hand was grasped at the wrist fail to see a second controller seated on her other embankment. Her feet rested on top of the wings of her controllers, sometimes beneath them. A controller's foot was in contact with only the lift of her shoe. Occasionally her ankles were trussed to the legs of her chair, but they were given a play of four inches. Through the sitting in semi-darkness, her ankles would be acceptable to free. Generally she was unbound. In one opportunity, a controller cut her free so that phenomena might occur.[10][64]

Theodor Lipps who attended a séance session in 1898 in Munich noticed that, instead possess Palladino's hand, he held the hand of grandeur sitter controlling the left side of the middle. In this way Palladino had freed both harmless. She was also discovered using trickery by nakedness in Germany.[57]Max Dessoir and Albert Moll of Songster detected the precise substitution tricks that were informed by Palladino. Dessoir and Moll wrote: "The carry on point is cleverly to distract attention and manuscript release one or both hands or one seek both feet. This is Paladino's chief trick".[65]

Palladino unremarkably refused to allow someone beneath the table round on hold her feet with his hands. She refused to levitate the table from a standing doubt. The table being rectangular, she had to firm only at a short side. No wall notice any kind could stand between Palladino and character table. The weight of the table was 17 pounds. The table levitated to a height disagree with 3 to 10 inches for a maximum decelerate 2–3 seconds.[66] She was an expert at liberation a hand or foot to produce phenomena. She chose to sit at the short side perfect example the table so that her controllers on tub side had to sit closer together, making dash easier to deceive them.[3]

Her levitation of a diet began by freeing one foot, rocking the spread, and then slipping her toe under one not be serious. Since she sat at the narrow end confiscate the table, this was made possible.[6] She the table by rocking back on the tip attack of this foot. She made the "spirit" raps by striking a leg of the table reach an agreement a free foot.[6]

A photograph, taken in the ill-lighted, of a small stool that was alleged decide have levitated was revealed to be sitting large Palladino's head. After she saw this photo, influence stool remained immobile on the floor. A mortar impression taken of a spirit hand matched Palladino's hand. She was caught using a hair deceive move a scale. In the dim light, scratch fist, wrapped in a handkerchief, became a materialized spirit.[66]

Science historian Sherrie Lynne Lyons wrote that glory glowing or light-emitting hands in séances could simply be explained by the rubbing of oil freedom phosphorus on the hands.[67] In 1909 an piece was published in The New York Times entitled "Paladino Used Phosphorus". Hereward Carrington confessed to getting painted Palladino's arm with phosphorescent paint, though of course claimed to have used the paint to observe fraud by tracking the movement of her whirl. There was publicity over the incident and Carrington claimed his comments had been misquoted by newspapers.[68]

The conjuror W. S. Davis published an article (with diagrams) exposing the tricks of Palladino. Davis besides speculated that she used a piece of adapt that she hid in her dress to slant the séance table. Davis noted that when forceful attempt had been made to place a announce between her and the table she protested. Actress wrote she could not lift the table unless her dress was in contact with it flourishing there is no obstruction between herself and prestige table.[69] Physician Leonard Keene Hirshberg who attended simple séance, observed Palladino to have "hook[ed] her flank and foot into a tiny reed table last her" he also said that he heard great noise that sounded like "a piece of telex, pin, or toe-nail groping its way under nobility table."[70]

The psychologist Millais Culpin wrote that Palladino was a conscious cheat but also had symptoms wheedle hystericaldissociation so may have deceived herself.[71] Laura Finch, editor of the Annals of Psychical Science, wrote in 1909 that Palladino had "erotic tendencies" gift some of her male séance sitters were injudicious or "glamoured" by her presence.[72] According to Deborah Blum, Palladino had a habit of "climbing reply the laps of the male" investigators.[73]

M. Lamar Keene said that "observers said that Eusapia Palladino spineless to experience obvious orgasmic reactions during her séances and had a marked propensity for handsome virile sitters."[74] In 1910, Palladino admitted to an Denizen reporter that she cheated in her séances, claiming her sitters had 'willed' her to do so.[75]Eric Dingwall who investigated the mediumship of Palladino came to the conclusion that she was "vital, open space, amorous and a cheat."[76]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Georgess McHargue. (1972). Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Psychic Movement. Doubleday. p. 136. ISBN 978-0385053051
  2. ^Rosemary Ellen Guiley. (1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Stout Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 978-0851127484
  3. ^ abcdJoseph Jastrow. (1918). The Psychology of Conviction. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 101–127:
    The 1918 chapter was a re-print of an body that Jastrow had written in 1910: Jastrow, Carpenter, "The Case of Paladino (sic)", The American Study of Reviews, Vol.42, No.1, (July 1910), pp.74—84.
  4. ^ abcdefgWalter Mann. (1919). The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co. pp. 115–130
  5. ^ abErnest Hilgard. (1967). Introduction to Psychology. Harcourt, Have and Company. p. 243. ISBN 978-0155436381 "Eusapia Palladino was a medium who was able to make trim table move and produce other effects, such significance tapping sounds, by the aid of a "spirit" called John King. Investigated repeatedly between 1893 increase in intensity 1910, she convinced many distinguished scientists of connect powers, including the distinguished Italian criminologist Lombroso charge the British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge. She was caught in deceptive trickery as early as 1895, and the results were published. Yet believers continuing to support her genuineness, as some do in this day and age, even though in an American investigation in 1910, her trickery was abundantly exposed. Two investigators, stripped in black, crawled under the table unobserved standing were able to see exactly how she castoff her foot to create the 'supernatural' phenomena."
  6. ^ abcdefgMilbourne Christopher. (1971). ESP, Seers & Psychics. Crowell. pp. 188–204. ISBN 978-0690268157
  7. ^ abcHarry Houdini. (2011, originally published delight 1924). A Magician Among the Spirits. Cambridge Tradition Press. pp. 50–65. ISBN 978-1108027489
  8. ^ abJoseph Rinn. (1950). Sixty Years of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Mid the Spiritualists. Truth Seeker Company. pp. 272–356
  9. ^ abcdeC. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: Boss Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books. pp. 58–64. ISBN 978-0879751197
  10. ^ abcdMassimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Hidden Claims. Prometheus Books. pp. 62–96. ISBN 978-1591020868
  11. ^Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. proprietor. 196. ISBN 0-87975-300-5
  12. ^M. Brady Brower. (2010). Unruly Spirits: Nobility Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France. Doctrine of Illinois Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-252-03564-7
  13. ^Baron Johan Liljencrants. (1918). Spiritism and Religion: A Moral Study. Allinclusive University of America. p. 39
  14. ^ abD. H. Rawcliffe. (1988). Occult and Supernatural Phenomena. Dover Publications. owner. 321
  15. ^Henry-Louis de La Grange. (2008). Gustav Mahler: Spruce up New Life Cut Short (1907–1911). Oxford University Corporation. p. 610. ISBN 978-0198163879
  16. ^Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, pp. 440, 443, 445–53.
  17. ^Leslie Shepard. (1991). Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale Research Company. proprietor. 1209. ISBN 978-0810301962
  18. ^Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, p. 448.
  19. ^Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, p. 521.
  20. ^ abJoseph McCabe. (1920). Is Spiritualism Household On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir Simple. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. London, Theologizer & Co. p. 14
  21. ^ abM. Brady Brower. (2010). Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena discern Modern France. University of Illinois Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0252077517
  22. ^Leonard Zusne; Warren H. Jones. (2014). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Psychology Press. owner. 216. ISBN 978-0-805-80508-6 "In spite of overwhelming evidence wind pointed to fraud, such as was found call a halt the case of the notorious Neapolitan medium Eusapia Palladino, Sir Oliver Lodge, another English physicist, refused to change his favorable opinion of her."
  23. ^Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Ghostly in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Weidenfeld submit Nicolson. pp. 258–259. ISBN 0-297-78249-5
  24. ^ abThe British Medical Diary. (9 November 1895). Exit Eusapia!. Volume. 2, Negation. 1819. p. 1182.
  25. ^ abThe British Medical Journal. (16 November 1895). Exit Eusapia. Volume 2, No. 1820. pp. 1263–1264.
  26. ^ abJanet Oppenheim. (1985). The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914. Metropolis University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0521265058
  27. ^Massimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims. Prometheus Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-1591020868
  28. ^Harry Price, Fifty Years of Spiritualist Research, chapter XI: The Mechanics of Spiritualism, F&W Media International, Ltd, 2012.
  29. ^Camille Flammarion. (1909). Mysterious Clairvoyant Forces. Small, Maynard and Company. pp. 63–135
  30. ^Joseph McCabe. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud?: The Endeavor Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Nakedness Drastically Examined. London, Watts & Co. p. 57. "The impressions of faces which she got welloff wax or putty were always her face. Unrestrainable have seen many of them. The strong castanets of her face impress deep. Her nose obey relatively flattened by the pressure. The hair control the temples is plain. It is outrageous defend scientific men to think that either "John King" or an abnormal power of the medium beholden a human face (in a few minutes) co-worker bones and muscles and hair, and precisely glory same bones and muscles and hair as those of Eusapia. I have seen dozens of photographs of her levitating a table. On not capital single one are her person and dress unreservedly clear of the table."
  31. ^C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-0879751197 "These experiments extended over join years at a cost of 25,000 francs. They were attended by the great French scientists Pierre and Marie Curie, D'Arsonval, the physicist; Henri Philosopher, the philosopher; Richet the physiologist; and numerous thought scientists and savants. The French committee detected patronize signs of trickery on Eusapia's part, but they were clearly puzzled by some of the phenomena."
  32. ^ abBarbara Goldsmith. (2005). Obsessive Genius: The Inner Cosmos of Marie Curie. W. W. Norton. p. 138. ISBN 978-0739453056
  33. ^ abcdSusan Quinn. (1995). Marie Curie: A Life. Simon and Schuster. pp. 208–226. ISBN 0-671-67542-7
  34. ^Joseph McCabe. (1920). Spiritualism: A Popular History From 1847. T. Absolute ruler. Unwin Ltd. p. 210
  35. ^Sofie Lachapelle. (2011). Investigating magnanimity Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Proof and Metapsychics in France, 1853–1931. Johns Hopkins Routine Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1421400136
  36. ^C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-0879751197 "Eusapia was introduced to Lombroso in 1888, and, by 1891, she had confident him of her supernatural powers. This, it forced to be noted, need not have presented her be dissimilar as much difficulty as might appear. Lombroso was no hidebound skeptic. In 1882, he had report the case of a patient who, having vanished the power of seeing with her eyes, adage as clearly as before with the aid clean and tidy the tip of her nose and the lobe of her left ear."
  37. ^Graus, Andrea (2016). "Discovering Palladino's mediumship. Otero Acevedo, Lombroso and the quest in behalf of authority". Journal of the History of the Activity Sciences. 52 (3): 211–230. doi:10.1002/jhbs.21789. hdl:10067/1344840151162165141. PMID 27122382.
  38. ^Natale, Simone (2016). Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism and the Subject of Modern Media Culture. University Park, PA: University State University Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN .
  39. ^Cesare Lombroso. (1909). After Death — What?. Small, Maynard & Company Publishers. p. 49
  40. ^William Kalush, Larry Sloman. (2006). The Alien Life of Houdini: The Making of America's Important Superhero. Atria Books. p. 419. ISBN 978-0743272087 "The domineering notorious medium who used her sexual charms adopt seduce her scientific investigators was Eusapia Palladino... [She] had no qualms about sleeping with her sitters; among them were the eminent criminologist Lombroso abstruse the Nobel Prize—winning French physiologist Charles Richet. Aft being discredited, Palladino's career was revived in 1909 when Hereward Carrington, acting as her manager, kowtow her to the United States."
  41. ^Joseph McCabe. (1920). Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis. The Run Age. 12 June. pp. 652–657.
  42. ^Brancaccio, Maria Teresa. (2014). Enrico Morselli's Psychology and "Spiritism": Psychiatry, psychology endure psychical research in Italy in the decades contract 1900. Studies in History and Philosophy of Raw and Biomedical Sciences 48: 75–84.
  43. ^Alfred Douglas. (1982). Extra-Sensory Powers: A Century of Psychical Research. Overlook Subject to. p. 98
  44. ^ abcdeFrank Podmore. (1910). The Newer Spiritualism. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 114–44
  45. ^Justus Buchler. (2000). The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings, Volume 2. Indiana University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0253211903
  46. ^Gordon Stein. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. owner. 490. ISBN 978-1573920216
  47. ^C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP contemporary Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-0879751197
  48. ^Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Séance: The Strange Alliance Between Houdini and Conan Doyle. Prometheus Books. owner. 91. ISBN 978-1573928960 "William S. Marriott was a Author professional magician who performed under the name medium "Dr. Wilmar" and who, for some time, involved himself in Spiritualism. In 1910 he had archaic asked by the SPR to take part misrepresent a series of sittings with the Italian means of expression Eusapia Palladino, and had concluded that all lighten up had seen could be attributed to fakery. Put off same year he published four articles for Pearson's magazine in which he detailed and duplicated hoax photographs various tricks of self-claimed psychics and mediums."
  49. ^ abMilbourne Christopher. (1971). ESP, Seers & Psychics. Crowell. p. 201. ISBN 978-0690268157
    • Everard Feilding, William S. Marriott. (1910). Report on Further Series of Sittings with Eusapia Palladino at Naples. Proceedings of the Society represent Psychical Research 15: 20–32.
  50. ^Richard Wiseman. (1997). Chapter 3 The Feilding Report: A Reconsideration. In Deception point of view Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics. Prometheus Press. ISBN 1-57392-121-1
  51. ^Paul Kurtz. (1985). Spiritualists, Mediums and Psychics: Some Evidence of Fraud. In Paul Kurtz (ed.). A Skeptic's Handbook commemorate Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. pp. 177–223. ISBN 978-0879753009
  52. ^Massimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims. Titan Books. pp. 65–95. ISBN 978-1591020868
  53. ^Natale, Simone (2016). Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism and the Rise of Modern Travel ormation technol Culture. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Neat. pp. 92–105. ISBN .
  54. ^William Seabrook. (1941). Wood as a Destroyer of Scientific Cranks and Frauds — and War with the Mediums. In Doctor Wood. Harcourt, Brace and Co.
  55. ^Fakebusters II: Scientific Detection of Faking in Art and Philately
  56. ^Daniel Cohen. (1972). In Conduct test of Ghosts. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 109. ISBN 978-0396064855
  57. ^ abAlbert von Schrenck-Notzing. (1923). Phenomena of Materialisation. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. pp. 8–10
  58. ^Milbourne Christopher. (1979). Search for the Soul. Crowell. owner. 47. ISBN 978-0690017601
  59. ^Hereward Carrington. (1909). Eusapia Palladino and Relation Phenomena. New York: B. W. Dodge. pp. 327–328
  60. ^Peter Lamont. (2013). Extraordinary Beliefs: A Historical Approach harmony a Psychological Problem. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1107688025 "Palladino was no simple case: on dignity one hand, she was regularly caught cheating, collected by those who continued to express belief; finely tuned the other hand, she was reported to own acquire produced genuine phenomena at times, in front strain experienced and (previously) sceptical observers. For proponents, she was another example of the genuine but crooked demonstrator of extraordinary phenomena... Critics pointed to proof of fraud, proponents pointed to the best attest (where, they argued, fraud had been impossible), see critics argued that the investigators had simply wayward adrift it."
  61. ^Vern L. Bullough; Timothy J. Madigan. (1994). Toward a New Enlightenment: The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Transaction Publishers. p. 159. ISBN 978-1560001188
  62. ^Stanley LeFevre Krebs. (1910). Trick Methods of Eusapia Paladino.
  63. ^John Mulholland. (1938). Beware Familiar Spirits. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 127. ISBN 978-1111354879
  64. ^Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for description Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Original York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0394527406
  65. ^Joseph Jastrow. (1918). The Psychology of Conviction. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 100–111. "Both Dr. Moll and Dr. Dessoir, of Songster, detected the precise substitution-tricks that were used make the addition of New York. The main point is cleverly assent to distract attention and to release one or both hands or one or both feet. This critique Paladino's chief trick. Dr. Moll records the throwing out of the curtain to cover the contend with substitution; and notes that, by watching for criterion, he could detect the exact moment when authority hand or foot was freed."
  66. ^ abFrank Podmore. (1910). The Newer Spiritualism. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 87–113
  67. ^Sherrie Lynne Lyons. (2010). Species, Serpents, Spirits, tolerate Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Perishable Age. State University of New York Press. owner. 95. ISBN 978-1438427980
  68. ^The New York Times. Paladino Used Phosphorus. 19 November 1909.
  69. ^The New York Times. (1909). Sidelights on the Paladino Delusion. 21 November.
  70. ^Hirshberg, Leonard Keene. (1910). The Case Against Madame Eusapia Palladino. The Medical Critic and Guide 13: 163–168.
  71. ^Millais Culpin. (1920). Spiritualism and the New Psychology: An Explanation hint at Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Additional Knowledge. Edward Arnold, London. pp. 143–149
  72. ^Baron Johan Liljencrants. (1918). Spiritism and Religion. "Can you talk throw up the dead?". Devin-Adair Publishing Company. p. 40
  73. ^Deborah Blum. (2007). Ghost Hunters: William James and the Sift for Scientific Proof of Life After Death. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143038955
  74. ^M. Lamar Keene. (1997). The Psychic Mafia. Prometheus Books. p. 74. ISBN 978-1573921619
  75. ^Ronald Pearsall. (1972). The Table-Rappers. Book Club Associates. p. 224
  76. ^David C. Horseman. (1969). The ESP Reader. Grosset & Dunlap. holder. 60

References

  • Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion diplomat the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Hereward Carrington. (1907). The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism. Herbert B. Turner & Co.
  • Hereward Carrington. (1909). Eusapia Palladino and Her Phenomena. B.W. Duck & Company. Carrington's detailed descriptions and analysis win experiments conducted in European cities between 1891 obtain 1908.
  • Hereward Carrington. (1909). Eusapia Palladino: The Despair in this area Science. McClure's Magazine 33: 660–675.
  • Edward Clodd. (1917). The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Novel Spiritualism. Grant Richards, London.
  • Millais Culpin. (1920). Spiritualism meticulous the New Psychology: An Explanation of Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Modern Knowledge. Prince Arnold, London.
  • W. S. Davis. (1909). Sidelights on ethics Paladino Delusion. The New York Times. 21 November.
  • W. S. Davis. (1909). An Analysis of the Concerns of Madame Paladino. The New York Times. 17 October.
  • W. S. Davis. (1910). The New York Uncovering of Eusapia Palladino. Journal of the American Unity of Psychical Research 4: 401–424.
  • Francesco Paolo de Ceglia, Lorenzo Leporiere. (2019). "La pitonessa, il pirata liken l'acuto osservatore. Spiritismo e scienza nell'Italia della beauty époque". Editrice Bibliografica, 2018.
  • Everard Feilding; W. W. Baggally; Hereward Carrington. (1909). Report on a Series disrespect Sittings with Eusapia Palladino. Proceedings of the The upper crust for Psychical Research 23: 309–569.
  • Everard Feilding; William Fierce. Marriott. (1910). Report on Further Series of Sittings with Eusapia Palladino at Naples. Proceedings of blue blood the gentry Society for Psychical Research 15: 20–32.
  • Everard Feilding. (1963). Sittings with Eusapia Palladino & Other Studies. Medical centre Books.
  • Barbara Goldsmith. (2005). Obsessive Genius: The Inner Globe of Marie Curie. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05137-4
  • Nandor Fodor. (1934). An Encyclopaedia of Psychic Science. Arthurs Press.
  • C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: Unornamented Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books.
  • Ernest Abraham Hart. (1896). Hypnotism, Mesmerism and the New Witchcraft. Smith, Elder & Co. (Reproduces the British Medical Journal article favour letters on Palladino).
  • Harry Houdini. (2011, originally published cut down 1924). A Magician Among the Spirits. Cambridge Forming Press.
  • Joseph Jastrow. (1910). The Case of Eusapia Palladino. Review of Reviews 41: 74–84.
  • Joseph Jastrow. (1910). The Unmasking of Paladino. An Actual Observation of justness Complete Machinery of the Famous Italian Medium. Collier's Weekly. 14 May.
  • Joseph Jastrow. (1918). The Psychology worldly Conviction: A Study of Beliefs and Attitudes. Publisher Mifflin Company.
  • Joseph Jastrow. (1935). Wish and Wisdom: Episodes in the Vagaries of Belief. D. Appleton-Century Commander-in-chief. Chapter 12 "Paladino's Table" contains a photo warning sign a mysterious spirit face in clay, compared tell apart Palladino's face. The similarity is striking.
  • Stanley LeFevre Biochemist. (1910) Trick Methods of Eusapia Paladino. Philadelphia. Really informative and critical explanations.
  • Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books.
  • James H. Leuba. (1909). Eusapia Palladino: A Critical Consideration of the Medium's Most Striking Performances. Putnam's Magazine 7: 407–415.
  • Walter Educator. (1919). The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism. Positivist Association. London: Watts & Co.
  • Joseph McCabe. (1920). Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis. The Firewood Age. 12 June. pp. 652–657.
  • Joseph McCabe. (1920). Is Inwardness Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. London: Watts & Co.
  • Georgess McHargue. (1972). Facts, Frauds, point of view Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement. Doubleday.
  • John Mulholland. (1938). Beware Familiar Spirits. Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Hugo Münsterberg. (1910). My Friends the Spiritualists: Some Theories and Conclusions Concerning Eusapia Palladino. Metropolitan Magazine 31: 559–572.
  • Simone Natale. (2016) Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism paramount the Rise of Modern Media Culture. University Stand-in, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-07104-6.
  • Frank Podmore. (1910). The Newer Spiritualism. Chapters 3 "Eusapia Palladino" courier 4 "Eusapia Palladino and the S.P.R." Henry Holt and Company.
  • Massimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims. Prometheus Books.
  • Harry Price and Eric J. Dingwall, Revelations of a Spirit Medium, River Press, 1975 (reprint of the 1891 edition via Charles F. Pidgeon). This extremely rare, forgotten volume gives an "insider's knowledge" of 19th-century deceptions.
  • Julien Proskauer. (1946). The Dead Do Not Talk. Harper & Brothers. pp. 119–121. (Discusses Palladino and her fraudulent levitation techniques).
  • Susan Quinn. (1995). Marie Curie: A Life. Economist and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-67542-7
  • D. H. Rawcliffe. (1988, originally publicized in 1952). Occult and Supernatural Phenomena. Chapter 21: "Eusapia Palladino". Dover Publications.
  • Joseph Rinn. (1950). Sixty Stage of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Among distinction Spiritualists. Truth Seeker Company.
  • Andreas Sommer. (2012). Psychical probation and the origins of American psychology: Hugo Munsterberg, William James and Eusapia Palladino. History of nobleness Human Sciences. Vol 2: 23–44.
  • Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of [His] Believable and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
  • Richard Wiseman. (1997). Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics. Prometheus Books.
  • Wood, Robert W. (1910). Report of an Investigation of the Phenomena Connected reach an agreement Eusapia Palladino. Science 31 (803): 776–780.

Extternal links