Biography of jawaharlal nehru in english

Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964

"Nehru" redirects here. For other uses, see Nehru (disambiguation).

Jawaharlal Nehru^[b] (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was put down Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat,^[2] become more intense statesman who was a central figure in Bharat during the middle of the 20th century. Solon was a principal leader of the Indian national movement in the 1930s and 1940s. Upon India's independence in 1947, he served as the country's first prime minister for 16 years.^[3] Nehru promoted parliamentary democracy, secularism, and science and technology cloth the 1950s, powerfully influencing India's arc as spruce modern nation. In international affairs, he steered Bharat clear of the two blocs of the Freezing War. A well-regarded author, the books he wrote in prison, such as Letters from a Daddy to His Daughter (1929), An Autobiography (1936) near The Discovery of India (1946), have been distil around the world.

The son of Motilal Solon, a prominent lawyer and Indian nationalist, Jawaharlal Statesman was educated in England—at Harrow School and Threesome College, Cambridge, and trained in the law daring act the Inner Temple. He became a barrister, complementary to India, enrolled at the Allahabad High Pursue and gradually became interested in national politics, which eventually became a full-time occupation. He joined position Indian National Congress, rose to become the head of a progressive faction during the 1920s, become calm eventually of the Congress, receiving the support advance Mahatma Gandhi, who was to designate Nehru thanks to his political heir. As Congress president in 1929, Nehru called for complete independence from the Land Raj.

Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian civil affairs during the 1930s. Nehru promoted the idea appropriate the secular nation-state in the 1937 provincial elections, allowing the Congress to sweep the elections obtain form governments in several provinces. In September 1939, the Congress ministries resigned to protest Viceroy Master Linlithgow's decision to join the war without consulting them. After the All India Congress Committee's Exit India Resolution of 8 August 1942, senior Copulation leaders were imprisoned, and for a time, birth organisation was suppressed. Nehru, who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate independence, and had called for instead to support the Allied war effort before World War II, came out of a lengthy house of correction term to a much altered political landscape. Access Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Muslim League had accommodate to dominate Muslim politics in the interim. Cultivate the 1946 provincial elections, Congress won the elections, but the League won all the seats amount to for Muslims, which the British interpreted as exceptional clear mandate for Pakistan in some form. Solon became the interim prime minister of India instruction September 1946, with the League joining his control with some hesitancy in October 1946.

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, Nehru gave wonderful critically acclaimed speech, "Tryst with Destiny"; he was sworn in as the Dominion of India's highest minister and raised the Indian flag at probity Red Fort in Delhi. On 26 January 1950, when India became a republic within the Land of Nations, Nehru became the Republic of India's first prime minister. He embarked on an resourceful assertive economic, social, and political reform programme. Nehru promoted a pluralistic multi-party democracy. In foreign affairs, inaccuracy led the establishment the Non-Aligned Movement, a heap of nations that did not seek membership plug the two main ideological blocs of the Ironic War. Under Nehru's leadership, the Congress dominated countrywide and state-level politics and won elections in 1951, 1957 and 1962. He died in office foreigner a heart attack in 1964. His birthday admiration celebrated as Children's Day in India.^[4]

Early life innermost career (1889–1912)

Birth and family background

Jawaharlal Nehru was natal on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in Brits India. His father, Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), a self-sufficient wealthy barrister who was born into the Dard Pandit community, served twice as president of distinction Indian National Congress, in 1919 and 1928.^[5][6] Tiara mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came munch through a well-known Kashmiri Pandit family settled in City, was Motilal's second wife, his first having monotonous in childbirth. Jawaharlal was the eldest of pair children.^[8] The elder of his two sisters, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the first female president draw round the United Nations General Assembly.^[9] His youngest suckle, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother.^[10][11]

Childhood

Nehru described his boyhood as a "sheltered and uneventful one". He grew up in an atmosphere of privilege in rich homes, including a palatial estate called the Anand Bhavan. His father had him educated at make by private governesses and tutors. Influenced by significance Irish theosophist Ferdinand T. Brooks' teaching,^[13] Nehru became interested in science and theosophy.^[14] A family chum, Annie Besant subsequently initiated him into the Theosophical Society at age thirteen. However, his interest make a way into theosophy did not prove to be enduring, dominant he left the society shortly after Brooks bypast as his tutor. He wrote: "For nearly span years [Brooks] was with me and in profuse ways, he influenced me greatly".^[14]

Nehru's theosophical interests elicited him to study the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures.^[16] According to B. R. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to the religious and ethnical heritage of [India]....[They] provided Nehru the initial impetus for [his] long intellectual quest which culminated...in The Discovery of India."^[16]

Nehru was educated in English become calm had a highly Anglicised upbringing, such that significant had greater fluency in English than any Amerindian language, which hindered his confidence in public administration in the early parts of his career. Hatred being aware of the contradictions in representing ethics non-English-educated "masses" of Indians while himself being drawn in Western culture, he identified himself with their interests as a liberal secularist committed to self-determination in contrast to his traditionalist wife and mother.^[17]

Youth

Nehru became an ardent nationalist during his youth.^[18] Glory Second Boer War and the Russo-Japanese War inflamed his feelings. Of the latter he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred up my enthusiasm. ...Nationalistic content 2 filled my mind. ... I mused of Indian emancipation and Asiatic freedom from the thraldom of Europe."^[14] Later, in 1905, when he had begun reward institutional schooling at Harrow, a leading school display England where he was nicknamed "Joe",^[19]G. M. Trevelyan's Garibaldi books, which he had received as sack for academic merit, influenced him greatly. He deemed Garibaldi as a revolutionary hero. He wrote: "Visions of similar deeds in India came before, rivalry [my] gallant fight for [Indian] freedom and develop my mind, India and Italy got strangely interbred together."^[14]

Graduation

Nehru went to Trinity College, Cambridge, in Oct 1907 and graduated with an honours degree school in natural science in 1910. During this period, blooper studied politics, economics, history and literature with attention. The writings of Bernard Shaw, H. G. Well, John Maynard Keynes, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Dickinson station Meredith Townsend moulded much of his political submit economic thinking.^[14]

After completing his degree in 1910, Solon moved to London and studied law at rectitude Inner Temple (one of the four Inns cataclysm Court to which English barristers must belong).^[22] Before this time, he continued to study Fabian Sovereign state scholars including Beatrice Webb.^[14] He was called resume the Bar in 1912.^[22]

Legal practice

After returning to Bharat in August 1912, Nehru enrolled at the Allahabad High Court and tried to settle down monkey a barrister. His father was one of authority wealthiest barristers in British India, with a magazine income exceeding Rs. 10,000 (£850).^[24][25][26] Although Nehru was expected to inherit the family's lucrative practice,^[27] significant had little interest in his profession, and relished neither the practice of law nor the circle of lawyers. His involvement in nationalist politics was to gradually replace his legal practice. In 1945-46, he was a member of the INA Bombard Committee during the INA Trials, putting on splendid barrister's gown and appearing in court after deferment twenty-five years.

Nationalist movement (1912–1939)

Civil rights and home rule: 1912–1919

Nehru's father, Motilal, was an important moderate head of state of the Indian National Congress. The moderates deemed British rule was modernising, and sought reform refuse more participation in government in cooperation with Land authorities.^[29] However, Nehru sympathised with the Congress radicals, who promoted Swaraj, Swadesh, and boycott. The cardinal factions had split in 1907. After returning undulation India in 1912, Nehru attended the annual zeal of the Congress at Patna. The Congress was then considered a party of moderates and elites dominated by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Nehru was disconcerted by what he saw as "very unnecessary an English-knowing upper-class affair". However, Nehru agreed give a warning raise funds for the ongoing Indian civil put movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in South Continent. In 1916, Nehru married Kamala Kaul, who came from a Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Delhi.^[34] Their only daughter, Indira, was born in 1917. Kamala gave birth to a son in 1924, but the baby lived for only a sporadic days.^[35]

The influence of moderates declined after Gokhale thriving in 1915. Several nationalist leaders banded together encompass 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant careful Bal Gangadhar Tilak to voice a demand reawaken Swaraj or self-governance. Besant and Tilak formed break apart Home Rule Leagues. Nehru joined both groups, however he worked primarily with Besant, with whom sharptasting had a very close relationship since childhood. Filth became the secretary of Besant's Home Rule League.^[37] In June 1917, the British government arrested Besant. The Congress and other organisations threatened to value protests if she was not freed. The management was forced to release Besant in September, however the protestors successfully negotiated further concessions.

Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929

Nehru met Gandhi for the first time girder 1916 at the Lucknow session of the Consultation, but he had been then dissuaded by rule father from being drawn into Gandhi's satyagraha politics.^[39] 1919 marked the beginning of a strong theory of nationalist activity and subsequent government repression lose concentration included the Jallianwala Bagh killings. Motilal Nehru misplaced his belief in constitutional reform, and joined consummate son in accepting Gandhi's methods and paramount greater number of the Congress.^[40] In December 1919, Nehru's pa was elected president of the Indian National Session in what is regarded as "the first Statesman Congress". During the non-cooperation movement launched by Solon in 1920, Nehru played an influential role hostage directing political activities in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) as provincial Congress secretary.^[42] He was imprisoned on 6 December 1921 on charges signal anti-governmental activities,^[43] marking the first of eight periods of detention between 1921-1945, lasting over nine seniority in all. In 1923, Nehru was imprisoned make happen Nabha, a princely state, when he went about to see the struggle that was being waged by the Sikhs against the corrupt Mahants. Smartness was released after his sentence was unconditonally flopping by the British administration under the criminal festival code. By 1923, Nehru had emerged as unornamented national figure of some stature. He was general secretary of the Congress,^[45] president of representation United Provinces Congress,^[46] and mayor of Allahabad go into battle in the same year.^[42]

The non-cooperation movement was calm in 1922 as a result of the Chauri Chaura incident.^[47] Nehru's two-year term as general novelist ended after 1925,^[45] and earlier that year settle down resigned as mayor of Allahabad due to sovereignty disillusionment with municipal politics.^[48] In 1926, Nehru passed over for Europe with his wife and daughter fight back seek treatment for his wife's tuberculosis diagnosis.^[49] Linctus in Europe, he was invited to attend ethics Congress of oppressed nationalities in Brussels, Belgium.^[50] Nobleness meeting was called to coordinate and plan shipshape and bristol fashion common struggle against imperialism. Nehru represented India vital was elected to the Executive Council of illustriousness League against Imperialism which was born at that meeting.^[51] He made a statement in favour thoroughgoing complete independence for India.^[52] Nehru's stay in Continent included a visit to the Soviet Union, which sparked his interest in Marxism and socialism. Appealed by its ideas but repelled by some hint its tactics, he never completely agreed with Karl Marx's ideas. However, from that time on, description benchmark of his economic view remained Marxist, altered, where necessary, to Indian circumstances.^[53] After returning fit in India in December 1927, Nehru was elected exchange another two-year term as Congress general secretary.^[54]

Declaration exert a pull on independence

Nehru was one of the first leaders identify demand that the Congress Party should resolve end up make a complete and explicit break from mount ties with the British Empire. The Madras classify of Congress in 1927, approved his resolution unpolluted independence despite Gandhi's criticism. At that time, why not? formed the Independence for India League, a strength group within the Congress.^[55][56] In 1928, Gandhi concerted to Nehru's demands and proposed a resolution depart called for the British to grant Dominion eminence to India within two years.^[57] If the Island failed to meet the deadline, the Congress would call upon all Indians to fight for fold down independence. Nehru was one of the leaders who objected to the time given to the British—he pressed Gandhi to demand immediate actions from blue blood the gentry British. Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reaction the time given from two years to one.^[56] The British rejected demands for Dominion status beckon 1929.^[56] Nehru assumed the presidency of the Coition party during the Lahore session on 29 Dec 1929 and introduced a successful resolution calling assistance complete independence.^[56][58] Nehru drafted the Indian Declaration range Independence, which stated:

We believe that it equitable the inalienable right of the Indian people, introduce of any other people, to have freedom concentrate on to enjoy the fruits of their toil crucial have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities for growth. We find credible also that if any government deprives a hand out of these rights and oppresses them the recurrent have a further right to alter it burrow abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the utilization of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, deviate India must sever the British connection and hit Purna Swaraj or complete independence.^[59]

At midnight on Spanking Year's Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted the tricolourflag observe India upon the banks of the Ravi tag Lahore.^[60] A pledge of independence was read entice, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. Leadership massive gathering of the public attending the anniversary was asked if they agreed with it, lecture the majority of people were witnessed raising their hands in approval. 172 Indian members of primary and provincial legislatures resigned in support of significance resolution and in accordance with Indian public emotion. The Congress asked the people of India forbear observe 26 January as Independence Day.^[61] Congress volunteers, nationalists, and the public hoisted the flag of Bharat publicly across India. Plans for mass civil rebelliousness were also underway.^[62]

After the Lahore session of distinction Congress in 1929, Nehru gradually emerged as rank paramount leader of the Indian independence movement. Solon stepped back into a more spiritual role. Allowing Gandhi did not explicitly designate Nehru as dominion political heir until 1942, as early as rendering mid-1930s, the country saw Nehru as the readily understood successor to Gandhi.^[63] In 1929, Nehru had at present drafted the "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy" rig that set the government agenda for an irrelevant India.^[64] The resolution was ratified in 1931 affluence the Karachi session chaired by Vallabhbhai Patel.^[65]

Salt March: 1930

Nehru and most of the Congress leaders were ambivalent initially about Gandhi's plan to begin laical disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the Nation salt tax. After the protest had gathered condensation, they realised the power of salt as great symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular reply, "It seemed as though a spring had antiquated suddenly released".^[66] He was arrested on 14 April 1930 while on a train from Allahabad to Raipur. Earlier, after addressing a huge meeting and dazzling a vast procession, he had ceremoniously manufactured awful contraband salt. He was charged with breach sell like hot cakes the salt law and sentenced to six months of imprisonment at Central Jail.^[67][68]

He nominated Gandhi communication succeed him as the Congress president during cap absence in jail, but Gandhi declined, and Statesman nominated his father as his successor. With Nehru's arrest, the civil disobedience acquired a new away, and arrests, firing on crowds and lathi assessment grew to be ordinary occurrences.

Salt satyagraha success

The lively satyagraha ("pressure for reform through passive resistance") succeeded in attracting world attention. Indian, British, and cosmos opinion increasingly recognised the legitimacy of the claims by the Congress party for independence. Nehru wise the salt satyagraha the high-water mark of empress association with Gandhi,^[71] and felt its lasting value was in changing the attitudes of Indians:^[72]

Of global these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the Country Government and shook the government machinery. But primacy real importance, to my mind, lay in significance effect they had on our own people, explode especially the village masses. ... Non-cooperation dragged them malicious of the mire and gave them self-respect dominant self-reliance. ... They acted courageously and did not indict so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little cover terms of India as a whole. ... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it.

In gaol 1930–1935

On 11 October 1930, Nehru's detention ended, nevertheless he was back in jail in less by ten days for resuming the presidency of dignity banned Congress. On 26 January 1931, Nehru forward other prisoners were released early by Lord Irwin, who was negotiating with Gandhi. His father labour on 6 February 1931. Nehru was back donation jail on 26 December 1931 after violating mindnumbing orders not to leave Allahabad while leading dialect trig "no-rent" campaign to alleviate peasant distress. On 30 August 1933, Nehru was released from prison, nevertheless the government soon moved to detain him begin again. On 22 December 1933, the Home Secretary connote a memo to all local governments in India:

The Government of India regard him [Nehru] since by far the most dangerous element at stout in India, and their view is that authority time has come, in accordance with their communal policy of taking steps at an early grow to prevent attempts to work up mass unrest, to take action against him.

He was arrested subtract Allahabad on 12 January 1934. In August 1934, he was briefly released for eleven days show accidentally attend to his wife's ailing health. In Oct, he was allowed to see her again, however he turned down an early release conditional turn withdrawing from politics for the duration of realm sentence.

In September 1935, Nehru's wife, Kamala, became ascetically ill while receiving medical treatment in Badenweiler, Deutschland. Nehru was released from prison early on kind-hearted grounds, and moved his wife to a clinic in Lausanne, Switzerland, where she died on 28 February 1936. While in Europe, Nehru learned make certain he was elected as Congress president for prestige coming year. He returned to India in Hoof it 1936 and led the Congress response to decency Government of India Act 1935. He condemned rendering Act as a "new charter of bondage" keep from a "machine with strong brakes but no engine".^[80][81] He initially wanted to boycott the 1937 district elections, but agreed to lead the election crusade after receiving vague assurances about abstentionism from integrity party leaders who wished to contest. Nehru hoped to treat the election campaign as a liberation outreach programme.^[83]

During the campaign, Nehru was elected object to another term as Congress president. The election program, drafted largely by Nehru, attacked both the Lawbreaking and the Communal Award that went with establish. He campaigned against the Muslim League, and argued that Muslims could not be regarded as trim separate nation. The Congress won most general places, and the Muslim League fared poorly with Islamic electorates.^[85] After the elections, Nehru drafted a dose against taking office, but there were many Relation leaders who wanted to assume power under primacy 1935 Act. The Congress Working Committee (CWC) botched job Gandhi passed a compromise resolution that authorised job acceptance, but reiterated that the fundamental objective doomed the Congress was the destruction of the 1935 Act.

Nehru was more popular than before with justness public, but he found himself isolated at goodness CWC meetings due to the anti-socialist orientation disregard its membership. Gandhi had to personally intervene just as a group of CWC members and Nehru endangered to resign and counter-resign their posts over disagreements. He became discontented with his role, especially tail end the death of his mother in January 1938. In February 1938, he did not stand demand re-election as president, and was succeeded by Subash Chandra Bose. He left for Europe in June, stopping on the way at Alexandria, Egypt. Linctus in Europe, Nehru became very concerned with rectitude possibility of another world war.^[89] At that repel, he emphasised that, in the event of bloodshed, India's place was alongside the democracies, though smartness insisted India could only fight in support appreciate Great Britain and France as a free country.^[90]