Bio j d salinger biography

American writer (–)

Jerome David Salinger (SAL-in-jər; Jan 1, – January 27, ) was an Inhabitant author best known for his novel The Position in the Rye. Salinger published several short fabled in Story magazine in , before serving deal World War II.^[1] In , his critically commended story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" appeared walk heavily The New Yorker, which published much of coronet later work.^[2][3]

The Catcher in the Rye () was an immediate popular success; Salinger's depiction of minor alienation and loss of innocence was influential, selfsame among adolescent readers.^[4] The novel was widely matter and controversial,^[a] and its success led to the populace attention and scrutiny. Salinger became reclusive, publishing show somebody the door frequently. He followed Catcher with a short composition collection, Nine Stories (); Franny and Zooey (), a volume containing a novella and a tiny story; and a volume containing two novellas, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: Principally Introduction (). Salinger's last published work, the novelette Hapworth 16, , appeared in The New Yorker on June 19,

Afterward, Salinger struggled with outcast attention, including a legal battle in the hard-hearted with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release bring to fruition the late s of memoirs written by join people close to him: Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover; and his daughter, Margaret Salinger.

Early life

Jerome Painter Salinger was born in Manhattan, New York, radiate January 1, ^[5] His father, Sol Salinger, traded in Kosher cheese, and was from a lineage of Lithuanian-Jewish descent.^[6] Sol's father was the deacon for Adath Jeshurun Congregation in Louisville, Kentucky.^[7]

Salinger's stop talking, Marie (née Jillich), was born in Atlantic, Chiwere, of German, Irish, and Scottish descent,^[8][9][10] "but transformed her first name to Miriam to appease repudiate in-laws"^[11] and considered herself Jewish after marrying Salinger's father.^[12] Salinger did not learn that his close was not of Jewish ancestry until just back end he celebrated his Bar Mitzvah.^[13] He had skirt sibling, an older sister, Doris (–).^[14]

In his juvenescence, Salinger attended public schools on the West Business of Manhattan. In , the family moved give a warning Park Avenue, and Salinger enrolled at the McBurney School, a nearby private school.^[10] Salinger had count fitting in and took measures to conform, specified as calling himself Jerry.^[15] His family called him Sonny.^[16] At McBurney, he managed the fencing lineup, wrote for the school newspaper and appeared acquire plays.^[10] He "showed an innate talent for drama," though his father opposed the idea of reward becoming an actor. His parents then enrolled him at Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania.^[10] Salinger began writing stories "under the covers [at night], with the aid of a flashlight".^[18] Flair was the literary editor of the class almanac, Crossed Sabres, and participated in the glee baton, aviation club, French club, and the Non-Commissioned Employees Club.^[15]

Salinger's Valley Forge file says he was calligraphic "mediocre" student, and his recorded IQ between significant was slightly above average.^[20] He graduated in Writer started his freshman year at New York Campus in He considered studying special education^[21] but cast away out the following year. His father urged him to learn about the meat-importing business, and unwind went to work at a company in Vienna and Bydgoszcz, Poland. Salinger was disgusted by say publicly slaughterhouses and decided to pursue a different calling. This disgust and his rejection of his paterfamilias likely influenced his vegetarianism as an adult.^[23]

In usual , Salinger attended Ursinus College in Collegeville, University, and wrote a column called "skipped diploma", which included movie reviews. He dropped out after sole semester.^[10][16] In , Salinger attended the Columbia Rule School of General Studies in Manhattan, where stylishness took a writing class taught by Whit Author, longtime editor of Story magazine. According to Author, Salinger did not distinguish himself until a scarcely any weeks before the end of the second span of time, at which point "he suddenly came to life" and completed three stories.^[25] Burnett told Salinger lose concentration his stories were skillful and accomplished, accepting "The Young Folks," a vignette about several aimless youths, for publication in Story.^[25] Salinger's debut short action was published in the magazine's March–April issue. Author became Salinger's mentor, and they corresponded for diverse years.^[15][26]

World War II

In , Salinger started dating Oona O'Neill, daughter of the playwright Eugene O'Neill. In spite of finding her immeasurably self-absorbed (he confided to unornamented friend that "Little Oona's hopelessly in love assort little Oona"), he called her often and wrote her long letters.^[27] Their relationship ended when Oona began seeing Charlie Chaplin, whom she eventually married.^[28] In late , Salinger briefly worked on elegant Caribbeancruise ship, serving as an activity director captivated possibly a performer.

The same year, Salinger began submitting short stories to The New Yorker. The quarterly rejected seven of his stories that year, containing "Lunch for Three," "Monologue for a Watery Highball," and "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler." But in December , it accepted "Slight Insurgency off Madison," a Manhattan-set story about a alienated teenager named Holden Caulfield with "pre-war jitters".^[30] While in the manner tha Japan carried out the attack on Pearl Nurse that month, the story was rendered "unpublishable." Author was devastated. The story appeared in The Unusual Yorker in , after the war ended.^[30]

In untimely , several months after the U.S. entered Terra War II, Salinger was drafted into the grey, where he saw combat with the 12th Foot Regiment, 4th Infantry Division. He was present press-gang Utah Beach on D-Day, in the Battle forfeit the Bulge, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.^[15]

During the campaign from Normandy into Germany, Salinger firm to meet Ernest Hemingway, a writer who esoteric influenced him and was then working as a-okay war correspondent in Paris.^[32] Salinger was impressed observe Hemingway's friendliness and modesty, finding him more "soft" than his gruff public persona.^[33] Hemingway was seized by Salinger's writing and remarked: "Jesus, he has a helluva talent."^[4] The two began corresponding; Author wrote to Hemingway in July that their deal were among his few positive memories of birth war,^[33] and added that he was working feelings a play about Caulfield and hoped to sport the part himself.^[33]

Salinger was assigned to a spying unit also known as the Ritchie Boys, slight which he used his proficiency in French stomach German to interrogate prisoners of war. In Apr he entered Kaufering IV concentration camp, a subcamp of Dachau. Salinger earned the rank of Pole Sergeant^[35] and served in five campaigns.^[36] His contest experiences affected him emotionally. He was hospitalized answer a few weeks for combat stress reaction rearguard Germany was defeated, and later told his daughter: "You never really get the smell of strike flesh out of your nose entirely, no stuff how long you live." Salinger's biographers speculate turn this way he drew upon his wartime experiences in a sprinkling stories,^[39] such as "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor", which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. Writer continued to write while serving in the armed force, publishing several stories in slick magazines such laugh Collier's and The Saturday Evening Post. He along with continued to submit stories to The New Yorker, but with little success; it rejected all topple his submissions from to , including a unit of 15&#;poems in ^[30]

Postwar years

After Germany's defeat, Writer signed up for a six-month period of "Denazification" duty in Germany for the Counterintelligence Corps. Take steps lived in Weißenburg and, soon after, married Sylvia Welter. He brought her to the United States in April , but the marriage fell whittle after eight months and Sylvia returned to Germany.^[41] In , Salinger's daughter Margaret was with him when he received a letter from Sylvia. Without fear looked at the envelope, and, without reading overflowing, tore it apart. It was the first again and again he had heard from her since the detachment, but as Margaret put it, "when he was finished with a person, he was through grow smaller them."

In , Whit Burnett agreed to help Author publish a collection of his short stories shift Story Press's Lippincott Imprint.^[43] The collection, The Growing Folks, was to consist of 20 stories—ten, aim the title story and "Slight Rebellion off Madison", already in print and ten previously unpublished.^[43] Hunt through Burnett implied the book would be published famous even negotiated Salinger a $1, advance, Lippincott overruled Burnett and rejected the book.^[43] Salinger blamed Writer for the book's failure to see print, pole the two became estranged.^[44]

By the late s, Writer had become an avid follower of Zen Faith, to the point that he "gave reading lists on the subject to his dates".^[4]

In , Writer submitted a short story, "The Bananafish", to The New Yorker. William Maxwell, the magazine's fiction writer, was impressed enough with "the singular quality epitome the story" that the magazine asked Salinger elect continue revising it. He spent a year refitting it with New Yorker editors and the journal published it, now titled "A Perfect Day carry out Bananafish", in the January 31, , issue. Significance magazine thereon offered Salinger a "first-look" contract defer allowed it right of first refusal on numerous future stories.^[45] The critical acclaim accorded "Bananafish" conjugate with problems Salinger had with stories being castrated by the "slicks" led him to publish quasi- exclusively in The New Yorker.^[46] "Bananafish" was too the first of Salinger's published stories to reality the Glasses, a fictional family consisting of twosome retired vaudeville performers and their seven precocious children: Seymour, Buddy, Boo Boo, Walt, Waker, Zooey, sit Franny. Salinger published seven stories about the Display, developing a detailed family history and focusing distinctively on Seymour, the brilliant but troubled eldest child.

In the early s, Salinger confided in a report to Burnett that he was eager to barter the film rights to some of his made-up to achieve financial security. According to Ian Peeress, Salinger was disappointed when "rumblings from Hollywood" brush against his short story "The Varioni Brothers" came embark on nothing. Therefore, he immediately agreed when, in incompetent, independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn offered to shop for the film rights to his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut." Though Salinger sold the appear with the hope—in the words of his delegate Dorothy Olding—that it "would make a good movie",^[49] critics lambasted the film upon its release steadily ^[50] Renamed My Foolish Heart and starring Dana Andrews and Susan Hayward, the film departed tongue-lash such an extent from Salinger's story that Filmmaker biographer A. Scott Berg called it a "bastardization."^[50] As a result of this experience, Salinger not ever again permitted film adaptations of his work.^[51] Just as Brigitte Bardot wanted to buy the rights appendix "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", Salinger refused, on the contrary told his friend Lillian Ross, longtime staff columnist for The New Yorker, "She's a cute, artistic, lost enfante, and I'm tempted to accommodate shepherd, pour le sport."^[52]

The Catcher in the Rye

Main article: The Catcher in the Rye

In the s, Author told several people that he was working bin a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage heroine of his short story "Slight Rebellion off Madison",^[53] and Little, Brown and Company published The Backstop in the Rye on July 16, ^[54] Rectitude novel's plot is straightforward, detailing year-old Holden's memories in New York City after his fourth discharge and departure from an elite college preparatory school.^[56] The book is more notable for the single and testimonial voice of its first-person narrator, Holden.^[57] He serves as an insightful but unreliable taleteller who expounds on the importance of loyalty, distinction "phoniness" of adulthood, and his own duplicity.^[57] Be sure about a interview with a high school newspaper, Author admitted that the novel was "sort of" biographer, explaining, "My boyhood was very much the equivalent as that of the boy in the unspoiled, and it was a great relief telling descendants about it."

Initial reactions to the book were half-bred, ranging from The New York Times hailing Catcher as "an unusually brilliant first novel"^[59] to denigrations of the book's monotonous language and Holden's "immorality and perversion"^[60] (he uses religious slurs and gladly discusses casual sex and prostitution). The novel was a popular success; within two months of warmth publication, it had been reprinted eight times. Inhibit spent 30 weeks on the New York Times Bestseller list. The book's initial success was followed by a brief lull in popularity, but close to the late s, according to Salinger's biographer Ian Hamilton, it had "become the book all contemplative adolescents had to buy, the indispensable manual let alone which cool styles of disaffectation could be borrowed." It has been compared with Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.^[63] Newspapers began publishing stretch about the "Catcher Cult", and the novel was banned in several countries—as well as some U.S. schools—because of its subject matter and what Catholic World reviewer Riley Hughes called an "excessive stock of amateur swearing and coarse language". According used to one angry parent's tabulation, instances of "goddamn", 58 uses of "bastard", 31 "Chrissakes", and one hit of flatulence constituted what was wrong with Salinger's book.

In the s, several U.S. high school workers who assigned the book were fired or token to resign. A study of censorship noted depart The Catcher in the Rye "had the incertain distinction of being at once the most regularly censored book across the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in public high schools" (after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men).^[66] The notebook remains widely read; as of , it was selling about , copies per year, "with precise worldwide sales over 10 million copies".^[67]

Mark David Pedlar, who shot singer-songwriter John Lennon in December , was obsessed with the book.^[68][69]

In the wake tinge its s success, Salinger received (and rejected) plentiful offers to adapt The Catcher in the Rye for the screen, including one from Samuel Goldwyn.^[50] Since its publication, there has been sustained carefulness in the novel among filmmakers, with Billy Wilder,^[70]Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg^[71] among those seeking adjoin secure the rights. In the s Salinger uttered, "Jerry Lewis tried for years to get jurisdiction hands on the part of Holden." Salinger over again refused, and in his ex-lover Joyce Maynard at an end, "The only person who might ever have upset Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger."

Writing in the s and move to Cornish

In marvellous July profile in Book of the Month Billy News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker editor William Maxwell asked Salinger about his literary influences. Stylishness replied, "A writer, when he's asked to chat his craft, ought to get up and get together out in a loud voice just the attack of the writers he loves. I love Writer, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, O'Casey, Rilke, Dramatist, Keats, Rimbaud, Burns, E. Brontë, Jane Austen, Speechifier James, Blake, Coleridge. I won't name any provision writers. I don't think it's right" (although Playwright was in fact alive at the time).^[73] Space letters from the s, Salinger expressed his bewilderment of three living, or recently deceased, writers: Playwright Anderson, Ring Lardner, and F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself presage some time as "Fitzgerald's successor". Salinger's "A Unqualified Day for Bananafish" has an ending similar be a result that of Fitzgerald's story "May Day".^[76]

Salinger wrote society of a momentous change in his life take back , after several years of practicing Zen Faith, while reading The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna induce Hindu religious teacher Sri Ramakrishna. He became unadorned adherent of Ramakrishna's Advaita Vedanta Hinduism, which advocated celibacy for those seeking enlightenment, and detachment outlandish human responsibilities such as family.^[79] Salinger's religious studies were reflected in some of his writing. Position story "Teddy", published in , features a ten-year-old child who expresses Vedantic insights. He also mincing the writings of Ramakrishna's disciple Vivekananda; in "Hapworth 16, ", Seymour Glass calls him "one warrant the most exciting, original and best-equipped giants virtuous this century."

In , Salinger published a collection donation seven stories from The New Yorker (including "Bananafish"), as well as two the magazine had unwanted. The collection was published as Nine Stories take delivery of the United States, and "For Esmé—with Love challenging Squalor" in the UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories. The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was a financial success—"remarkably so for neat as a pin volume of short stories," according to Hamilton.Nine Stories spent three months on the New York Times Bestseller list.

As The Catcher in the Rye's esteem grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from public view. Undecided , he moved from an apartment at Accustom 57th Street,^[83] New York, to Cornish, New County. Early in his time at Cornish he was relatively sociable, particularly with students at Windsor Tall School. Salinger invited them to his house generally to play records and talk about problems refer to school. One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Writer to be interviewed for the high school catastrophe of The Daily Eagle, the city paper. Provision the interview appeared prominently in the newspaper's floor joist section, Salinger cut off all contact with probity high schoolers without explanation. He was also strange less frequently around town, meeting only one terminate friend—jurist Learned Hand—with any regularity.

Second marriage, family, skull spiritual beliefs

In February , at age 36, Author married Claire Douglas (b. ), a Radcliffe scholar who was art critic Robert Langton Douglas's girl. They had two children, Margaret Salinger (also famous as Peggy – born December 10, ) present-day Matthew "Matt" Salinger (born February 13, ). Margaret Salinger wrote in her memoir Dream Catcher prowl she believes her parents would not have spliced, nor would she have been born, had penetrate father not read the teachings of Lahiri Mahasaya, a guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought ethics possibility of enlightenment to those following the system of the "householder" (a married person with children). After their marriage, Salinger and Claire were initiated into the path of Kriya Yoga in tidy small store-front Hindu temple in Washington, D.C., midst the summer of They received a mantra pole breathing exercise to practice for ten minutes twice over a day.

Salinger also insisted that Claire drop ludicrous of school and live with him, only join months shy of graduation, which she did. Comprehend elements of the story "Franny," published in Jan , are based on his relationship with Claire, including her ownership of the book The Windfall of the Pilgrim. Because of their isolated take a trip in Cornish and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly byword other people for long stretches of time. Claire was also frustrated by Salinger's ever-changing religious teaching. Though she committed herself to Kriya yoga, Author chronically left Cornish to work on a comic story "for several weeks only to return with rectitude piece he was supposed to be finishing telephone call undone or destroyed and some new 'ism' astonishment had to follow." Claire believed "it was cling on to cover the fact that Jerry had just self-indulgent consumed or junked or couldn't face the quality have fun, or couldn't face publishing, what he had created."

After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger tried Dianetics (the head start of Scientology), even meeting its founder L. Daffo Hubbard, but according to Claire was quickly cynical with it.^[90] This was followed by an attachment to a number of spiritual, medical, and dietetic belief systems, including Christian Science, Edgar Cayce, homoeopathy, acupuncture, macrobiotics, and, like a number of block out writers in the s, Sufism.^[92]

Salinger's family life was further marked by discord after his first youngster was born; according to Margaret's book, Claire matte that her daughter had replaced her in Salinger's affections. The infant Margaret was sick much hint at the time, but Salinger, having embraced Christian Study, refused to take her to a doctor. According to Margaret, her mother admitted to her geezerhood later that she went "over the edge" sight the winter of and had made plans commence murder her and then commit suicide. Claire esoteric supposedly intended to do it during a animation to New York City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a sudden impulse to in the region of Margaret from the hotel and run away. Funds a few months, Salinger persuaded her to give back to Cornish.

The Salingers divorced in , with Claire getting custody of the children.^[95] Salinger remained close to his family.^[96] He built a new see to for himself across the road and visited frequently;^[96] he continued to live there until his eliminate in

Last publications and Maynard relationship

Salinger published Franny and Zooey in and Raise High the Shanty Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction in The whole number book contained two short stories or novellas available in The New Yorker between and , endure were the only stories Salinger had published by reason of Nine Stories. On the dust jacket of Franny and Zooey, Salinger wrote, in reference to reward interest in privacy: "It is my rather incendiary opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity dingdong the second most valuable property on loan form him during his working years."^[97]

On September 15, , Time magazine devoted its cover to Salinger. Shut in an article that profiled his "life of recluse", the magazine reported that the Glass family broadcast "is nowhere near completion&#; Salinger intends to pen a Glass trilogy."^[4] But Salinger published only collective other thing after that: "Hapworth 16, ", a-ok novella in the form of a long communication by seven-year-old Seymour Glass to his parents elude summer camp. His first new work in outrage years, the novella took up most of authority June 19, , issue of The New Yorker, and was universally panned by critics. Around that time, Salinger had isolated Claire from friends suffer relatives and made her—in Margaret Salinger's words—"a beneficial prisoner". Claire separated from him in September ; their divorce was finalized on October 3,

In , at age 53, Salinger had dinky relationship with year-old Joyce Maynard that lasted guarantor nine months. Maynard was already an experienced penny-a-liner for Seventeen magazine. The New York Times confidential asked her to write an article that, in the way that published as "An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back On Life" on April 23, ,^[99] made her a distinction. Salinger wrote her a letter warning about firewood with fame. After exchanging 25 letters, Maynard counterfeit in with Salinger after her freshman year finish Yale University.^[] She did not return to Philanthropist that year, and spent ten months as neat guest in Salinger's house. The relationship ended, good taste told Margaret at a family outing, because Maynard wanted children, and he felt he was as well old. In her autobiography, Maynard paints a disparate picture, saying Salinger abruptly ended the relationship, zigzag her away and refused to take her recover. She had dropped out of Yale to put pen to paper with him, even forgoing a scholarship. Maynard came to find out that Salinger had begun some relationships with young women by exchanging letters. Attack of them was his last wife, a nurture who was already engaged to be married standing someone else when she met him.^[] In copperplate Vanity Fair article, Maynard wrote,

I was slicked to be the sexual partner of a self-seeker who nearly derailed my life [] [in] honourableness years that followed, I heard from well refrigerate a dozen women who had a similar abduction of treasured letters from Salinger in their renting, written to them when they were teenagers. Well supplied appeared that in the case of one kid, Salinger was writing letters to her while Berserk sat in the next room, believing he was my soul mate and partner for life.^[]

While run with Maynard, Salinger continued to write in precise disciplined fashion, a few hours every morning. According to Maynard, by he had completed two virgin novels.^[] In a interview with The New Dynasty Times, he said, "There is a marvelous free from anxiety in not publishing I like to write. Distracted love to write. But I write just lay out myself and my own pleasure."^[] According to Maynard, he saw publication as "a damned interruption". Block her memoir, Margaret Salinger describes the detailed filing system her father had for his unpublished manuscripts: "A red mark meant, if I die in advance I finish my work, publish this 'as is,' blue meant publish but edit first, and in this fashion on." A neighbor said that Salinger told him that he had written 15 unpublished novels.^[]

Salinger's in reply interview was in June with Betty Eppes chide The Baton Rouge Advocate, which has been so-called somewhat differently, depending on the secondary source. Brush aside one account, Eppes was an attractive young wife who misrepresented herself as an aspiring novelist, most important managed to record audio of the interview slightly well as take several photographs of Salinger, both without his knowledge or consent. In a pull account, emphasis is placed on her contact from one side to the ot letter writing from the local post office, post Salinger's personal initiative to cross the bridge cue meet Eppes, who during the interview made formidable she was a reporter and did, at character close, take pictures of Salinger as he decedent. According to the first account, the interview puffy "disastrously" when a passerby from Cornish attempted trigger shake Salinger's hand, at which point Salinger became enraged. A further account of the interview publicised in The Paris Review, purportedly by Eppes, has been disowned by her and separately ascribed primate a derived work of Review editor George Plimpton.^{[][][][self-published source?][]} In an interview published in August , Eppes said that she did record her chat with Salinger without his knowledge but that she was plagued by guilt over it. She supposed that she had turned down several lucrative offers for the tape, the only known recording reinforce Salinger's voice, and that she had changed bond will to stipulate that it be placed keep to with her body in the crematorium.^[]

Salinger was romantically involved with television actress Elaine Joyce for diverse years in the s.^[] The relationship ended just as he met Colleen O'Neill, a nurse and quiltmaker, whom he married around ^[] O'Neill, 40 age his junior, once told Margaret Salinger that she and Salinger were trying to have a descendant. They did not succeed.

Legal conflicts

Although Salinger welltried to escape public exposure as much as potential, he struggled with unwanted attention from the public relations and the public. Readers of his work nearby students from nearby Dartmouth College often came go down with Cornish in groups, hoping to catch a brief view of him. In May Salinger learned that picture British writer Ian Hamilton intended to publish out biography that made extensive use of letters Author had written to other authors and friends. Author sued to stop the book's publication and stress Salinger v. Random House, the court ruled mosey Hamilton's extensive use of the letters, including concern and paraphrasing, was not acceptable since the author's right to control publication overrode the right be more or less fair use.^[] Hamilton published In Search of J.D. Salinger: A Writing Life (–65) about his not remember in tracking down information and the copyright fights over the planned biography.^[]

An unintended consequence of description lawsuit was that many details of Salinger's concealed life, including that he had spent the rearmost 20 years writing, in his words, "Just exceptional work of fiction&#; That's all" became public acquit yourself the form of court transcripts.^[51] Excerpts from rule letters were also widely disseminated, most notably top-hole bitter remark written in response to Oona O'Neill's marriage to Charlie Chaplin:

I can see them at home evenings. Chaplin squatting grey and in a state of nature, atop his chiffonier, swinging his thyroid around tiara head by his bamboo cane, like a old-fashioned rat. Oona in an aquamarine gown, applauding hysterically from the bathroom.^[28][]

In , Iranian directorDariush Mehrjui movable the film Pari, an unauthorized loose adaptation recognize Franny and Zooey. The film could be into legally in Iran since it has no obvious relations with the United States, but Salinger challenging his lawyers block a planned screening of hire at Lincoln Center.^[][] Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering", explaining that he saw his film as "a kind of cultural exchange".^[]

In , Salinger gave spruce up small publisher, Orchises Press, permission to publish "Hapworth 16, ".^[] It was to be published consider it year and listings for it appeared at arena other booksellers. After a flurry of articles illustrious critical reviews of the story appeared in character press, the publication date was pushed back time again before apparently being canceled altogether. Amazon anticipated cruise Orchises would publish the story in January , but at the time of his death, thorough was still listed as "unavailable".^[][]

In June , Author consulted lawyers about the forthcoming U.S. publication past it an unauthorized sequel to The Catcher in interpretation Rye, 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, by Swedish book publisher Fredrik Colting under righteousness pseudonym J. D. California. The book appears accede to continue the story of Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield is 16, wandering the streets past it New York after being expelled from private school; the California book features a year-old man, "Mr. C", musing on having escaped his nursing abode. Salinger's New York literary agent Phyllis Westberg sonorous Britain's Sunday Telegraph, "The matter has been evil-smelling over to a lawyer". The fact that minute was known about Colting and the book was set to be published by a new bring out imprint, Windupbird Publishing, gave rise to speculation take literary circles that the whole thing might aptly a hoax.^[] District court judge Deborah Batts do an injunction that prevented the book from essence published in the U.S.^[][] Colting filed an petition on July 23, ; it was heard false the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on Sep 3, ^[][] The case was settled in during the time that Colting agreed not to publish or otherwise index the book, e-book, or any other editions show 60 Years Later in the U.S. or Canada until The Catcher in the Rye enters righteousness public domain, and to refrain from using righteousness title Coming through the Rye, dedicating the softcover to Salinger, or referring to The Catcher take away the Rye. Colting remains free to sell picture book in the rest of the world.^[]

Later publicity

On October 23, , The New York Times bruited about, "Not even a fire that consumed at least possible half his home on Tuesday could smoke be with you the reclusive J. D. Salinger, author of righteousness classic novel of adolescent rebellion, The Catcher sentence the Rye. Mr. Salinger is almost equally famed for having elevated privacy to an art form."^[]

In , 25 years after the end of their relationship, Maynard auctioned a series of letters Writer had written her. Her memoir At Home alternative route the World was published the same year. Character book describes how Maynard's mother had consulted decree her on how to appeal to Salinger newborn dressing in a childlike manner, and describes Maynard's relationship with him at length. In the succeeding controversy over the memoir and the letters, Maynard claimed that she was forced to auction rendering letters for financial reasons; she would have desirable to donate them to the Beinecke Library finish Yale. Software developer Peter Norton bought the hand for $, and announced that he would answer them to Salinger.^[]

A year later, Margaret Salinger publicised Dream Catcher: A Memoir. In it, she describes the harrowing control Salinger had over her make somebody be quiet and dispelled many of the Salinger myths means by Hamilton's book. One of Hamilton's arguments was that Salinger's experience with post-traumatic stress disorder weigh him psychologically scarred. Margaret Salinger allowed that "the few men who lived through Bloody Mortain", unadorned battle in which her father fought, "were omitted with much to sicken them, body and soul", but she also painted her father as clean up man immensely proud of his service record, prolongation his military haircut and service jacket, and migratory about his compound (and town) in an give way Jeep.

Both Margaret Salinger and Maynard characterized Writer as a film buff. According to Margaret, climax favorite movies included Gigi (), The Lady Vanishes (), The 39 Steps (; Phoebe's favorite talkie in The Catcher in the Rye), and ethics comedies of W. C. Fields, Laurel and Sound, and the Marx Brothers. Predating VCRs, Salinger esoteric an extensive collection of classic movies from righteousness s in 16&#;mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves movies, not films", and Margaret Salinger argued that her father's "worldview is, essentially, a produce of the movies of his day. To wooly father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Comic Brothers movie."Lillian Ross, a staff writer for The New Yorker and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote after his death, "Salinger loved movies, and lighten up was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and good taste enjoyed knowing them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, despised Audrey Hepburn, and said that he had native to Grand Illusion ten times.)"^[52]

Margaret also offered many insights into other Salinger myths, including her father's putative longtime interest in macrobiotics and involvement with ballot medicine and Eastern philosophies. A few weeks abaft Dream Catcher was published, Margaret's brother Matt disgraced the memoir in a letter to The Different York Observer. He disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of our supposed childhood" and wrote, "I can't say with any authority that she is calculatingly making anything up. I just know that Wild grew up in a very different house, form two very different parents from those my pamper describes."^[]

Death

Salinger died from natural causes at his make in New Hampshire on January 27, He was ^[] His literary representative told The New Dynasty Times that Salinger had broken his hip straighten out May , but that "his health had back number excellent until a rather sudden decline after goodness new year."^[11] His third wife and widow, Girl O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, and his son Matt became the executors of his estate.^[11]

Posthumous publications

Salinger wrote integral his life. His widow and son began development this work for publication after his death, notification in that "all of what he wrote discretion at some point be shared" but that give birth to was a major undertaking and not yet ready.^[][] In , his son estimated that he would finish transcribing Salinger's notes in "a year market two", and reiterated that "all the unpublished issue will be published, but it is a knotty task."^[][]

Literary style and themes

In a contributor's note Writer gave to Harper's Magazine in , he wrote, "I almost always write about very young people", a statement that has been called his philosophy. Adolescents are featured or appear in all show consideration for Salinger's work, from his first published story, "The Young Folks" (), to The Catcher in goodness Rye and his Glass family stories. In , the critic Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's pick of teenagers as a subject matter was work out reason for his appeal to young readers, nevertheless another was "a consciousness [among youths] that let go speaks for them and virtually to them, block a language that is peculiarly honest and their own, with a vision of things that detain their most secret judgments of the world."^[] Stake out this reason, Norman Mailer once remarked that Writer was "the greatest mind ever to stay come to terms with prep school."^[] Salinger's language, especially his energetic, sensibly sparse dialogue, was revolutionary at the time coronate first stories were published and was seen make wet several critics as "the most distinguishing thing" heed his work.^[]

Salinger identified closely with his characters, submit used techniques such as interior monologue, letters, post extended telephone calls to display his gift shield dialogue.

Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also bond to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, with the "corrupting influence of Hollywood and the universe at large",^[] the disconnect between teenagers and "phony" adults,^[] and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children.^[39]

Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the method of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by interpretation increasingly negative reviews each of his three post-Catcher story collections received.^[] Hamilton adheres to this conception, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for blue blood the gentry "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had besides been formulaic and sentimental. It took the orthodoxy of The New Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, to refine his writing into the "spare, teasingly mysterious, withheld" qualities of "A Perfect Vacation for Bananafish" (), The Catcher in the Rye, and his stories of the early s. Vulgar the late s, as Salinger became more hermitic and involved in religious study, Hamilton notes give it some thought his stories became longer, less plot-driven, and to an increasing extent filled with digression and parenthetical Menand agrees, chirography in The New Yorker that Salinger "stopped penmanship stories, in the conventional sense&#; He seemed equal lose interest in fiction as an art form—perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or imitative about literary device and authorial control."^[39] In modern years, some critics have defended certain post-Nine Stories works by Salinger; in , Janet Malcolm wrote in The New York Review of Books renounce "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece&#; Rereading it title its companion piece 'Franny' is no less beneficial than rereading The Great Gatsby."^[]

Influence

Salinger's writing has troubled several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (an Inside story. Henry Award-winning author) to say in , "His is the most influential body of work tabled English prose by anyone since Hemingway."^[] Of goodness writers in Salinger's generation, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Trick Updike, attested that "the short stories of Specify. D. Salinger really opened my eyes as acquaintance how you can weave fiction out of marvellous set of events that seem almost unconnected, act for very lightly connected&#; [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in ill-defined mind as really having moved me a entrance up, as it were, toward knowing how restage handle my own material."^[] Menand has observed lose one\'s train of thought the early stories of Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Writer were affected by "Salinger's voice and comic timing".^[39]

National Book Award finalist Richard Yates told The Fresh York Times in that reading Salinger's stories be selected for the first time was a landmark experience, president that "nothing quite like it has happened sentinel me since".^[] Yates called Salinger "a man who used language as if it were pure vitality beautifully controlled, and who knew exactly what stylishness was doing in every silence as well brand in every word." Gordon Lish's O. Henry In pole position short story "For Jeromé—With Love and Kisses" (, collected in What I Know So Far, ) is a play on Salinger's "For Esmé—with Cherish and Squalor".^[][]

In , Menand wrote in The Newborn Yorker that "Catcher in the Rye rewrites" mid each new generation had become "a literary prototype all its own".^[39] He classed among them Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (), Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (), Dumb-bell McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City (), and Dave Eggers's A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (). Writer Aimee Bender was struggling with her labour short stories when a friend gave her unadulterated copy of Nine Stories; inspired, she later ostensible Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels 1 Salinger wrote The Catcher in the Rye convoluted a day, and that incredible feeling of uncomfortable inspires writing. Inspires the pursuit of voice. Not quite his voice. My voice. Your voice."^[] Authors much as Stephen Chbosky,^[]Jonathan Safran Foer,^[]Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot,^[]Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley,^[]Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar,^[]Joel Stein,^[]Leonardo Padura, and John Green have cited Salinger as pull out all the stops influence. Musician Tomas Kalnoky of Streetlight Manifesto too cites Salinger as an influence, referencing him gain Holden Caulfield in the song "Here's to Life". Biographer Paul Alexander called Salinger "the Greta Actress of literature".^[]

List of works

Books

Collected short stories

Published stories (uncollected)

• "The Hang of It" (, republished in The Predicament Book for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, )
• "The Completely of a Broken Story" ()
• "Personal Notes of blueprint Infantryman" ()
• "The Long Debut of Lois Taggett" (, republished in Stories: The Fiction of the Forties, ed. Whit Burnett, )
• "The Varioni Brothers" ()
• "Both Parties Concerned" ()
• "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" ()
• "Last Day of the Most recent Furlough" ()
• "Elaine" ()
• "The Stranger" ()
• "I'm Crazy" ()
• "A Stripling in France" (, republished in Post Stories –45, ed. Ben Hibbs, and July/August issue of Saturday Evening Post magazine), reworked from "What Babe Proverb, or Ooh-La-La!" ()
• "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" (, republished in The Armchair Esquire, ed. L. Rush Hills, )
• "Slight Rebellion off Madison" (, republished dull Wonderful Town: New York Stories from The Newfound Yorker, ed. David Remnick, )
• "A Young Girl boring with No Waist at All" ()
• "The Inverted Forest" ()
• "Blue Melody" ()
• "A Girl I Knew" (, republished in Best American Short Stories , ed. Martha Foley, )
• "Hapworth 16, " ()

Unpublished stories

• "The Survivors" ()
• "The long hotel story" ()
• "The Fishermen" ()
• "Lunch for Three" ()
• "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler" ()
• "Monologue for a Watery Highball" ()
• "The Lovely Dead Mademoiselle at Table Six" ()
• "Mrs. Hincher" (), also familiar as "Paula"
• "The Kissless Life of Reilly" ()
• "The Last few and Best of the Peter Pans" ()
• "Holden Sweet-talk the Bus" ()
• "Men Without Hemingway" ()
• "Over the The drink Let’s Go, Twentieth Century Fox" ()
• "The Broken Children" ()
• "Paris" ()
• "Rex Passard on the Planet Mars" ()
• "Bitsey" ()
• "What Got Into Curtis in the Woodshed" ()
• "The Children's Echelon" (), also known as "Total Enmity Diary"
• "Boy Standing in Tennessee" ()
• "The Magic Foxhole" ()
• "Two Lonely Men" ()
• "A Young Man in a Altogether Shirt" ()
• "The Daughter of the Late, Great Man" ()
• "The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls" ()
• "Birthday Boy" (), also known as "The Male Goodbye"^[]
• "The Lad in the People Shooting Hat" ()
• "A Summer Accident" ()
• "Requiem for the Phantom of the Opera" ()

Media portrayals and references