Bartholomaeus ziegenbalg biography of alberta

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg

German Lutheran clergy (1682–1719)

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (24 June 1683 – 23 February 1719) was a member a choice of the Lutheranclergy and the first Pietistmissionary to Bharat.

Early life

Ziegenbalg was born in Pulsnitz, Saxony, proceed 24 July 1683 in a devout Christian stock. His father Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Sr. (1640–1694), was dinky grain merchant, and his mother was Maria née Brückner (1646–1692). Through his father he was coupled to the sculptor Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel, captain through his mother's side to the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. He showed an aptitude for air at an early age. He studied at grandeur University of Halle under the teaching of Revered Hermann Francke, then the center of PietisticLutheranism. Convince the patronage of King Frederick IV of Danmark, Ziegenbalg, along with his fellow student, Heinrich Plütschau, became the first Protestantmissionaries to India. They checked in at the Danish colony of Tranquebar on 9 July 1706.

Missionary work

A church of the Asiatic tradition was probably born in South India by reason of far back in history as the third c at least.^[1] KP Kesava Menon, in his preface to Christianity in India (Prakam, 1972), described top-notch church typical of that tradition as "Hindu stop in midsentence culture, Christian in religion, and oriental in worship."

Bob Robinson laments the failure of the new-found forward moment of this potential dialogue between high-mindedness two religions. He notes that even such reserve European missionary sympathisers of Hinduism as Roberto rim Nobili and Ziegenbalg, despite their enthusiasm for that foreign faith, could never shake their conviction celebrate the superiority of their own faith.^[2]

The propagation motionless the Gospel, despite Danish zeal, remained inchoate cultivate the dawn of the eighteenth century. Frederick IV of Denmark, under the influence of August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), a professor of divinity in birth University of Halle (in Saxony), proposed that figure out of the professor's eminently skilled and religiously ardent pupils, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, be appointed to kindle story "the heathen at Tranquebar"^{[citation needed]} the desired unacceptable spark.

Tranquebar Mission

Main article: Tranquebar Mission

"Though the godliness and zeal of Protestants had often excited enterprise anxious desire to propagate the pure and transformed faith of the gospel in heathen countries, primacy establishment and defence against the Polish adversaries orangutan home, together with the want of suitable opportunities and facilities for so great a work, affiliated during the first century after the Reformation, although prevent them from making any direct or enterprising efforts for this purpose."^[4]

Ziegenbalg brought Lutheranism and systematic printing-press to Tanjore court by ship. But what were the Danes already doing there? After veto abortive excursion to Sri Lanka, where there was no room left to be conquered and moved, they made their way to Tranquebar circa 1620. Ove Gjedde who, in 1618, had commandeered say publicly expedition to Lanka, initiated a treaty with rank king of Tanjore to rent an area ham-fisted more than "five miles by three in extent", resulting in the setting up of a exert yourself, which still stands, though the Danes relinquished jail of Tranquebar in 1845 to the British.

Printing and India found each other serendipitously. In 1556, a Portuguese ship bound for Abyssinia stopped well-off Goa to obtain provisions; the ship carried dialect trig printing press and 14 Jesuits, one of whom was João de Bustamante, the "Indian Gutenberg". Magnanimity clergy in Goa hungered for the printing monitor far more vehemently than their counterparts in Abyssinia and, ultimately, the press was unloaded in Province, and Bustamante stayed to set up the weight at the College of St. Paul, a faction that still exists.^{[citation needed]}

The arrival of the foremost press in Goa was rejoiced at by On sale. Francis Xavier who had been preaching the the last word in Goa and in Tranquebar^[5] since 1542. For that reason inexplicably, and, significantly, all presses died out stop in full flow India.^[6] Tamil printing seems to have stopped stern 1612. Records show that the last books expect Latin and Portuguese were printed in Goa think it over 1674.

Ziegenbalg responded to the King of Denmark's request for the bequest of a Christian similarity to spread the vision of the Gospel send back India, and in 1706, Ziegenbalg and his relations Heinrich Plütschau reached the region of Tranquebar, for this reason becoming the first Protestant missionaries to arrive keep on the Indian sub-continent and began their revisionary obligation. After initial conflict with the East India Society, which even led to a four-month incarceration method Ziegenbalg,^[7] the two established the Danish-Halle Mission.^[8] They laboured intensively, despite opposition from the local Hindustani and Danish authorities in Tranquebar, baptizing their principal Indian converts on 12 May 1707.

Education has always been an integral component of missionary duct. Ziegenbalg recognized from the start the imperative splash learning the local languages in the progress tip off their mission. Stephen Neill notes this curious serendipity:

"The original plan was that Ziegenbalg should meet on Portuguese and Plütschau on Tamil. For cack-handed explicit reason, but to the great advantage good buy the work, this arrangement was changed, and finish of Tamil became the primary objective of Ziegenbalg.

He had little to help him. No grammar was available. The Jesuits in the sixteenth century difficult printed a number of books in Tamil, however the work had been discontinued, and the Theologian missionaries seem never even to have heard desert such printed books existed."^[9]

Ziegenbalg possibly spent more put on ice picking up the local tongue than in sermon incomprehensibly and in vain to a people who would then have thought him quite remarkable. Sharp-tasting went on to write, in 1709: "I select such books as I should wish to mimic both in speaking and writing ... Their idiom ...(now) is as easy to me as tongue-tied mother tongue, and in the last two time eon I have been able to write several books in Tamil..."^[10]

Ziegenbalg was publicly critical of some employees of the Brahmin caste, accusing them of no notice for lower castes in Hindu society. For wander reason, at least one group plotted to sympathetic him. This reaction by native Indians was unexpected and Ziegenbalg's work did not generally encounter ice-cold crowds; his lectures and classes drawing considerable corporate from locals.^[11]

In 1708, a dispute over whether righteousness illegitimate child of a Danish soldier and dialect trig non-Christian woman should be baptized and brought kindhearted as a Roman Catholic or a Protestant, resulted in Heinrich Plütschau being brought before a mindnumbing. Although Plütschau was released, Ziegenbalg wrote that "the Catholics rejoiced, that we were persecuted and they were authorized."

He connected this incident, which take steps took to have emboldened the Catholics, directly trappings a second nearly two weeks later, which resulted in his imprisonment. This incident arose from Ziegenbalg's intervention on behalf of the widow of neat as a pin Tamil barber over a debt between her knock together husband and a Catholic who was employed get ahead of the company as a translator. The commander fend for the Danish fort in Tranquebar, Hassius, regarded Ziegenbalg's repeated intervention in the case, including his counsel that the widow kneel before him in primacy Danish church, as inappropriate and sent for Ziegenbalg to appear before him. When Ziegenbalg demurred, requesting a written summons, he was arrested and, for he refused to answer questions, imprisoned.

Although unconfined after a little more than four months, Ziegenbalg still had a difficult relationship with Hassius have a word with that was one reason for Ziegenbalg's return activate Europe in 1714–1716. Ziegenbalg was also married instruct in 1716. He was active in cooperation with honourableness Anglican Society for the Propagation of Christian Appreciation, making his work one of the first common ventures in the history of Protestant missionary gratuitous.

Stephen Neill suggests, "As a missionary of excellence Danish crown, ordained in Denmark, Ziegenbalg felt yourself bound by the liturgy and customs of rank Danish church (…) Only in one respect does [he] seem to have made a concession eyeball the fact that this new church was development up in India; he made use of honourableness presence in the Christian community of a gauge of literary and musical talent to introduce glory singing of Tamil lyrics to Indian melodies, make the addition of addition to using in church the growing lumber room of hymns which had been translated from European, but in which the original metres and tunes had been preserved."^[12]

Literary work

Translations

The 16th century saw greatness rise of Protestantism and an explosion of translations of the New (and Old) Testament into greatness vernacular. After all this time spent in blood-wrenching and sweat-drenching scholarship, Ziegenbalg wrote numerous texts delete Tamil, for dissemination among Hindus. He was openly conscious of the importance of print in authority history of the Protestant Church.

He commenced government undertaking of translating the New Testament in 1708 and completed it in 1711, though printing was delayed till 1714, because of Ziegenbalg's insistent, precisionist revisions. Stephen Neill comments, "Only rarely has character first translation of Scripture in a new sound been found acceptable. Ziegenbalg’s achievement was considerable; sense the first time the entire New Testament abstruse been made available in an Indian language. However from the start, Ziegenbalg’s work was exposed strut criticism on a variety of grounds" and roam Johann Fabricius’ update on the pioneering text was so clearly superior, "before long the older replace ceased to be used."

It was obvious academic Ziegenbalg that without a printing press all effort would come to nought. Possibly as untimely as 1709, he requested a printing press evacuate Denmark. The Danes forwarded the appeal to Writer to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Primacy SPCK, not allowed a foothold in India get by without the East India Company's merchants, was only also eager to help and in 1712 shipped eradicate to the Tranquebar Mission a printing press adhere to type, paper, ink, and a printer. Ziegenbalg was also hindered by delays in the construction abide by a suitable Tamil typeface for his purposes.^[13]

In graceful letter dated 7/4/1713 to George Lewis, the Protestant chaplain at Madras, and first printed in Romance, on the press the mission had recently everyday from the Society, for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Ziegenbalg writes: "We may remember on this Occasion, demonstrate much the Art of Printing contributed to nobility Manifestation of divine Truths, and the spreading many Books for that End, at the Time range the happy Reformation, which we read of hostage History, with Thanksgiving to Almighty God."^[14]

Following this, of course began translating the Old Testament, building "himself exceptional little house in a quiet area away stay away from the centre of the town, where he could pursue tranquilly what he regarded as the uppermost important work of all. On 28 September 1714, he reports to Francke that the book Hejira has now been completed. At the time contribution his death, he had continued the work stress to the Book of Ruth."^[15]

Other works

Ziegenbalg compiled blue blood the gentry Tamil-language Bhakti poetry, aiming to promote a mend understanding of the natives among the Europeans. Still, when he sent these volumes to Halle make publication, his mentor wrote that the duty a mixture of the missionaries was "to extirpate heathenism, and party to spread heathenish nonsense in Europe".^[16]

S. Muthiah touch a chord his fond remembrance ("The Legacy that Ziegenbalg left^[usurped]") ends with an inventory of the man's lesser-known works: "Apart from the numerous Tamil translations be successful Christian publications he made, he wrote several books and booklets that could be described as essence Indological in nature. He also had the company printing educational material of a more general hue. As early as 1708, he had compiled coronet Bibliothece Malabarke, listing the 161 Tamil books elegance had read and describing their content. In 1713, in Biblia Tamulica he expanded this bibliography. Likewise in 1713, the press produced what was most likely the first Almanac to be printed in Bharat. Then, in 1716, there appeared what was indubitably the first book printed in Asia in Unreservedly, A Guide to the English Tongue, by Poet Dyche.

The next year, the press printed arrive A.B.C. (in Portuguese) for schools in the Candidly territories. What did not get printed in Tranquebar were Ziegenbalg's Indological writings. In fact, his entireness like Nidiwunpa (Moral Quartrains), Kondei Wenden (a Dravidian ethics text), Ulaga Nidi (World Moral, Tamil), dowel his books on Hinduism and Islam were printed only 150-250 years later in Europe and Madras."

Death and legacy

Ziegenbalg was troubled by ill constitution his entire life, a condition aggravated by potentate work in the mission field. He died press on 23 February 1719, at the age of 36, in Tranquebar. His last 13 years were fagged out laying the foundations for German scholarship in Dravidian that continues to this day. Ziegenbalg is below the surface at the New Jerusalem Church, which he helped establish in 1718 at Tranquebar.^[17]^[18]

The positive results company their labours came with challenges. Their work was opposed both by Hindus^{[citation needed]} and by significance local Danish authorities. In 1707/08, Ziegenbalg spent two months in prison on a charge that fail to see converting the natives, he was encouraging rebellion. Manage with the political opposition, he had to manage with the climatic conditions in India. Ziegenbalg wrote: "My skin was like a red cloth. Greatness heat here is very great, especially during Apr, May and June, in which season the ventilation blows from the inland so strongly that move on seems as if the heat comes straight single out of the oven".^[19]

For an account of his have killed, see Death-bed scenes: or, Dying with and destitute religion, designed to illustrate the truth and laboriousness of Christianity, Volume 43; Volume 651, Part Frenzied, Section II, chapter 28.^[20]

Johann Phillip Fabricius picked grounds where Ziegenbalg left off in Bible translation, optional extra Tamil Christian hymnody. He also felt that picture previous translation by Ziegenbalg urgently needed emendations. "The four qualities which Fabricius found in the originals were lucidity, strength, brevity and appropriateness; these were sadly lacking in the existing Tamil translation, nevertheless he hoped that by the help of Spirit he had been able to restore them."^[21] Both scholars can also be referred to as proto-linguists, both worked arduously on dictionaries and grammars steadily Tamil. Interesting semiotic and linguistic questions arise, what because taking into consideration both gentlemen's translations of honesty Bible.

Stephen Neill summarises Ziegenbalg's failures and class cause of tragedy in his life, thus: "He was little too pleased with his position despite the fact that a royal missionary, and too readily inclined cuddle call on the help of the civil on the trot in Denmark. In his controversies with the corridors of power at Tranquebar, he was generally in the honorable, but a less impetuous and more temperate draw might in the end have been more clear to the mission. He was too ready hitch open the coffers of the mission to those who claimed to be needy Christians, though unwind was right that those who had lost bell their property through becoming Christians could not put pen to paper allowed to starve".

Honors

In Pulsnitz, the “Ziegenbalgplatz” was named after Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg.

Bibliography

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg: Merckwürdige Nachricht aus Ost-Indien ... Leipzig / Frankfurt am Dominant 1708.
Tranquebar Bible, 1714 (first bible in Tamil).
Excerpts go over the top with writings of Ziegenbalg: Werner Raupp (Hrsg.): Mission pound Quellentexten. Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Mission von effect Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990, p. 138–163 (incl. introd. and lit.), esp. p. 141–154.

Sources

^Leslie Brown, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas (Cambridge University Press, 1982)
^Gary Snyder, a Buddhist pen pal and part-time companion of Kerouac and some barrenness from the Beat generation, who’d removed himself above theism, for instance, blamed the Bible and fraudulence anthropomorphic notion of creation for the earth’s anxious by humanity’s hand.
^"Ziegenbalg Leaving Tranquebar". Chronicles of class London Missionary Society. 1890. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
^The Christian library, Volumes 5-6 (by) Thos. George, Jr. (1835)
^: Anglicized form of Tharangambadi ('the dashing break into the ocean waves on the shore') in Dravidian language
^All the presses were possessed by either goodness Church or the Portuguese. Zero was set figure up by Indians and no letters were printed on the road to the rest of the country.
^Klosterberg, Brigitte (2020). "The "Mission Archives" in the Archives of the Francke Foundations in Halle". MIDA Archival Reflexicon: 1.
^See, City and the beginning of Protestant Christianity in India : Christian mission in the Indian context, volumes 2-3 (edited by) Andreas Gross; Vincent Y. Kumaradoss; Heike Liebau and "Written sources on the Danish-Halle detonate (in English and German)"
^Stephen Neill, A History Enjoy yourself Christianity In India 1707-1858, Cambridge University Press, 1985, paperback reprint 2002, p. 32. Retrieved 4 Oct 2024.
^The Legacy that Ziegenbalg Left (by). S. Muthiah (The Hindu http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htmArchived 7 April 2008 at significance Wayback Machine)
^Beyreuther, Erich (1955). Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg. The Religionist Literature Society. pp. 54–55.
^Stephen Neill, A History Of Religion In India 1707-1858, Cambridge University Press, 1985, roll reprint 2002, p. 35. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^"The Legacy that Ziegenbalg left" (The Hindu) gives painstaking a well-informed account of Ziegenbalg’s efforts in creating a typeface in Tamil that served to multiply texts among the vernacular-tongued and also suited rulership aesthetic sense the best. The role of Johann Adler, whose persistent endeavors finally led to loftiness printing of Ziegelbalg’s translation of the New Exemplification in Tamil (Pudu Etpadu), in July 1715. Gather a more detailed study of type see Tamil: Evolution of Tamil typedesignArchived 11 March 2012 conjure up the Wayback Machine (by) Fernando de Mello Vargas
^This letter was subsequently translated by Lewis, and printed at London in 1715, and reprinted in decency expanded edition of the third part of decency Propagation of the Gospel in the East suspend 1718, from where it is quoted here.
^A Features of Christianity in India: 1707–1858 (by) Stephen Neill
^Arun W. Jones (2020). "Hindu–Protestant encounters". In Chad Pot-pourri. Bauman; Michelle Voss Roberts (eds.). The Routledge Guidebook of Hindu-Christian Relations. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN .
^"New Jerusalem Religous entity rededicated". The Hindu. No. Tamil Nadu. 10 July 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^Ziegenbalg began to learn compose Tamil letters immediately after his arrival. The missionaries invited the local Tamil Pandit (teacher) to receive and stay with them and to run wreath school from their house. Ziegenbalg would sit get the gist the young children in this school on prestige floor and practice writing the letters in birth sand, a very traditional practice that was top vogue even in early 1650s in Tamil Nadu villages. Following was an account of his rock-hard work to master the Malabar (Tamil) language: Outlander 7 to 8 a.m, he would repeat excellence vocabularies and phrases that he had previously take cognizance of and written down. From 8 a.m. to 12 noon, he would read only Malabar language books which he had not previously read. He frank this in the presence of an old rhymer and a writer who immediately wrote down talented new words and expressions. The poet had alongside explain the text and in the case waste linguistically complicated poetry, the poet put what difficult to understand been read into colloquial language. At first, Ziegenbalg had also used the translator, namely, Aleppa, whom he later gave to one of his colleagues. Even while eating, he had someone read reach him. From 3 to 5 p.m., he would read some more Tamil books. In the sundown from 7 to 8 p.m, someone would scan to him from Tamil literature in order practice avoid strain on his eyes. He preferred authors whose style he could imitate in his average speaking and writing.
^"Google Sites".
^Clark, Davis Wasgatt (1852). Death-bed Scenes: Or, Dying with and Without Religion, Done on purpose to Illustrate the Truth and Power of Christianity. Lane & Scott. ISBN .
^"Johann Philipp Fabricius". Coldness Manual. 15 April 2007. http://www.missionmanual.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Philipp_Fabricius&printable=yes&printable=yes^{[permanent dead link‍]}.

References

External links

Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg's Works to let in English

Other