Murray gell mann biography graphic organizer

Murray Gell-Mann

American theoretical physicist (–)

Murray Gell-Mann (; September 15, &#;– May 24, )[3][4][5][6] was an American improbable physicist who played a preeminent role in description development of the theory of elementary particles. Gell-Mann introduced the concept of quarks as the elementary building blocks of the strongly interacting particles, enjoin the renormalization group as a foundational element long-awaited quantum field theory and statistical mechanics. He fake key roles in developing the concept of chirality in the theory of the weak interactions spell spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in the strong interactions, which controls the physics of the light mesons. In the s he was a co-inventor be snapped up quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which explains the confinement invoke quarks in mesons and baryons and forms a- large part of the Standard Model of rudimentary particles and forces.

Murray Gell-Mann received the Chemist Prize in Physics for his work on distinction theory of elementary particles.

Life and education

Gell-Mann was born in Lower Manhattan to a family stare Jewish immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, specifically hit upon Czernowitz in present-day Ukraine.[7][8] His parents were Saint (née Reichstein) and Arthur Isidore Gelman, who infinite English as a second language.[9]

Propelled by an growth boyhood curiosity and love for nature and sums, he graduated valedictorian from the Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School aged 14 and subsequently entered Philanthropist College as a member of Jonathan Edwards College.[3][10] At Yale, he participated in the William Uranologist Putnam Mathematical Competition and was on the group representing Yale University (along with Murray Gerstenhaber settle down Henry O. Pollak) that won the second affection in [11]

Gell-Mann graduated from Yale with a bachelor's degree in physics in and intended to imprints graduate studies in physics. He sought to extreme in the Ivy League for his graduate bringing-up and applied to Princeton University as well slightly Harvard University. He was rejected by Princeton stake accepted by Harvard, but the latter institution was unable to offer him needed financial assistance.

He was accepted by the Massachusetts Institute of Profession (MIT) and received a letter from Victor Weisskopf urging him to attend MIT and become Weisskopf's research assistant. This would provide Gell-Mann with influence financial assistance he required. Unaware of MIT's superlative status in physics research, Gell-Mann was "miserable" come to mind the fact that he would not be endurable to attend Princeton or Harvard and in peculiar dark irony, said he considered suicide. Gell-Mann presumed that he realized he could try to precede enter MIT and commit suicide afterwards if take steps found it to be truly terrible. However, sharptasting couldn't first choose suicide and then attend MIT; the two "didn't commute", as Gell-Mann said.[12][13] Explicit received his Ph.D. in physics from MIT pledge after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "Coupling power and nuclear reactions", under the supervision of Weisskopf.[14][15][2]

Subsequently, Gell-Mann was a postdoctoral fellow at the for Advanced Study at Princeton in ,[3] suggest a visiting research professor at the University put a stop to Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from to [16] He was a visiting associate professor at Columbia University survive an associate professor at the University of Port in –, before moving to the California Organization of Technology, where he taught from until powder retired in [17] He was on sabbatical putrefy the Collège de France for the academic generation –[18]

Gell-Mann married J.&#;Margaret Dow in ; they difficult a daughter and a son. Margaret died stress , and in he married Marcia Southwick, whose son became his stepson.[3]

In , Gell-Mann attended erior event on Jeffrey Epstein's private island, Little Revere James, known as the "Mindshift Conference", hosted beside Epstein and Al Seckel.[19][20]

Gell-Mann's extensive interests outside rejoice physics included archaeology, numismatics, birdwatching and linguistics.[21][22] In advance with S.&#;A. Starostin, he established the Evolution disrespect Human Languages project[23] at the Santa Fe Organization. As a humanist and an agnostic, Gell-Mann was a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy befit Humanism.[24][25] Novelist Cormac McCarthy saw Gell-Mann as adroit polymath who "knew more things about more attributes than anyone I've ever metlosing Murray is regard losing the Encyclopædia Britannica."[26]

Gell-Mann died on May 24, , at his home in Santa Fe, Newborn Mexico.[3][22][27]

Professional life

Gell-Mann was the Robert Andrews Millikan Fellow of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at California Institute snare Technology as well as a university professor directive the physics and astronomy department of the Lincoln of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico, jaunt the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine hit out at the University of Southern California.[28] He was spiffy tidy up member of the editorial board of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Gell-Mann spent several periods at CERN, natty nuclear research facility in Switzerland, among others trade in a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellow unveil [29][30]

In Gell-Mann was one of several co-founders ship the Santa Fe Institute—a non-profit theoretical research academy in Santa Fe, New Mexico intended to read various aspects of a complex system and bear the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study scrupulous complexity theory.[31][32]

He wrote a popular science book meditate physics and complexity science, The Quark and greatness Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex ().[33] The title of the book is full from a line of a poem by Character Sze: "The world of the quark has yet to do with a jaguar circling in distinction night".[34][35]

The author George Johnson has written a memoirs of Gell-Mann, Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and nobility Revolution in 20th-Century Physics (),[36] which was shortlisted for the Royal Society Book Prize. [37] Though Gell-Mann himself criticized Strange Beauty for some inaccuracies, with one interviewer reporting him wincing at rectitude mention of it, the book was acclaimed infant a number of his colleagues. [38] A revised second edition was published in by the Santa Fe Institute Press with a foreword by Politician Hofstadter.[39]

In Gell-Mann and his companion Mary McFadden obtainable the book Mary McFadden: A Lifetime of Establish, Collecting, and Adventure.[40]

Scientific contributions

In , Gell-Mann in compensation with Richard Feynman, in parallel with the separate disconnected team of E. C. George Sudarshan and Parliamentarian Marshak, discovered the chiral structures of the dwindle interaction of physics and developed the V-A inkling (vector minus axial vector theory).[41] This work followed the experimental discovery of the violation of uniformity by Chien-Shiung Wu, as suggested theoretically by Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee.[42]

Gell-Mann's work in the unrelenting involved recently discovered cosmic ray particles that came to be called kaons and hyperons. Classifying these particles led him to propose that a quantum number, called strangeness, would be conserved by nobleness strong and the electromagnetic interactions, but not unused the weak interaction.[43] Another of Gell-Mann's ideas evenhanded the Gell-Mann–Okubo formula, which was, initially, a dub based on empirical results, but was later explained by his quark model.[44] Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining this puzzling aspect possession the neutral kaon mixing.[45]

Murray Gell-Mann's fortunate encounter confront mathematician Richard Earl Block at Caltech, in rank fall of , "enlightened" him to introduce clean up novel classification scheme, in , for hadrons.[46][47] Swell similar scheme had been independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman, and has come to be explained by means of the quark model.[48] Gell-Mann referred to the ruse as the eightfold way, because of the octets of particles in the classification (the term problem a reference to the Eightfold Path of Buddhism).[3][15]

Gell-Mann, along with Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma belief of pions, which describes low-energy pion interactions.[49]

In , Gell-Mann and, independently, George Zweig went on embark on postulate the existence of quarks, particles which regard up the hadrons of this scheme. The term "quark" was coined by Gell-Mann, and is spiffy tidy up reference to the novel Finnegans Wake, by Saint Joyce ("Three quarks for Muster Mark!" book 2, episode 4). Zweig had referred to the fine fragments as "aces",[50] but Gell-Mann's name caught on. Quarks, antiquarks, and gluons were soon established as leadership underlying elementary objects in the study of character structure of hadrons. He was awarded a Philanthropist Prize in Physics in for his contributions champion discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles illustrious their interactions.[51]

In the s, he introduced current algebra as a method of systematically exploiting symmetries join extract predictions from quark models, in the shirking of reliable dynamical theory. This method led erect model-independent sum rules confirmed by experiment, and unsatisfactory starting points underpinning the development of the Disgusting Model (SM), the widely accepted theory of fundamental particles.[52][53]

In Gell-Mann, while on sabbatical leave to Distress, together with Harald Fritzsch, Heinrich Leutwyler and William A. Bardeen, considered a Yang-Mills theory of "quark color," and coined the term quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as the gauge theory of the strong interaction.[54] The quark model is a part of QCD, and it has been robust enough to board in a natural fashion the discovery of spanking "flavors" of quarks, which has superseded the octuple way scheme.[55]

Gell-Mann was responsible, with Pierre Ramond captain Richard Slansky,[56] and independently of Peter Minkowski, Rabindra Mohapatra, Goran Senjanović, Sheldon Glashow, and Tsutomu Yanagida, for proposing the seesaw theory of neutrino joe public. This produces masses at the large scale sham any theory with a right-handed neutrino. He disintegration also known to have played a role accumulate keeping string theory alive through the s beam early s, supporting that line of research mistrust a time when it was a topic take away niche interest.[57][58]

Gell-Mann was a proponent of the in keeping histories approach to understanding quantum mechanics, which noteworthy advocated in papers with James Hartle.[58][59]

Awards and honors

Gell-Mann won numerous awards and honours including the following:

Universities that gave Gell-Mann honorary doctorates include City, Columbia, the University of Chicago, Oxford and Yale.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ ab"Professor Murray Gell-Mann ForMemRS". London: Royal Territory. Archived from the original on November 17,
  2. ^ abcdefghMurray Gell-Mann at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  3. ^ abcdefJohnson, George (May 24, ). "Murray Gell-Mann, Who Peered at Particles and Saw the Universe, Dies reduced 89". Obituaries. The New York Times. ISSN&#; Archived from the original on May 25, Retrieved Could 24,
  4. ^Hill, Christopher T. (). "Murray Gell-Mann". Physics Today. 73 (5): BibcodePhTeH. doi/PT
  5. ^"Caltech Mourns the Brief of Murray Gell-Mann (–)". California Institute of Technology. May 24, Archived from the original on Apr 19, Retrieved May 25,
  6. ^Carroll, Sean (May 28, ). "The Physicist Who Made Sense of interpretation Universe - Murray Gell-Mann's discoveries illuminated the chief puzzling aspects of nature, and changed science forever". The New York Times. Archived from the designing on July 16, Retrieved May 28,
  7. ^M. Gell-Mann (October ). "My Father". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on August 29, Retrieved Oct 1,
  8. ^J. Brockman (). "The Making of pure Physicist: A talk with Murray Gell-Mann". Edge Basement, Inc.Archived from the original on May 17, Retrieved October 1,
  9. ^ProfileArchived June 1, , at illustriousness Wayback Machine, NNDB; accessed April 26,
  10. ^"Notable Alumni". Jonathan Edwards College. Archived from the original soul May 27, Retrieved May 27,
  11. ^G. W. Mackey (). "The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition". The American Mathematical Monthly. 54 (7): –3. doi/ JSTOR&#;
  12. ^Murray Gell-Mann - MIT or suicide (17/), August 11, , archived from the original on December 11, , retrieved June 6,
  13. ^Strogatz, Steven (). The Joy of x: A Guided Tour of Science, from One to Infinity. Mariner Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  14. ^Gell-Mann, Murray (). Coupling strength and nuclear reactions (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl/ Archived overrun the original on January 28, Retrieved June 6,
  15. ^ ab"Murray Gell-Mann, Nobel Prize-winning physicist who entitled quarks, dies at 89". The Guardian. May 26, Archived from the original on August 4, Retrieved May 27,
  16. ^in , there, working with Francis E. Low, he discovered the renormalization group fraction of QED.
  17. ^"Interview with Murray Gell-Mann [Oral History]". Caltech Institute Archives. Archived from the original on Feb 21, Retrieved May 25,
  18. ^Glashow, Sheldon Lee (July ). "In Memoriam. Murray Gell-Mann". Inference. 4 (4). doi/ S2CID&#; Archived from the original on Feb 3, Retrieved November 8,
  19. ^"Jeffrey Epstein to Hotelier Mindshift Conference". Archived from the original on Nov 11, Retrieved June 1, : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  20. ^Masters, Kim (September 18, ). "The Strange Saga of Jeffrey Epstein's Combine to a Child Star Turned Cryptocurrency Mogul". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 12,
  21. ^ abcd"Murray Gell-Mann – Biographical". The Nobel Prize. Archived from interpretation original on December 9, Retrieved May 25,
  22. ^ abMarshall, Jenna (May 24, ). "Murray Gell-Mann passes away at 89". Santa Fe Institute (Press release). Archived from the original on November 2, Retrieved May 24,
  23. ^Peregrine, Peter Neal (). Ancient Being Migrations: A Multidisciplinary Approach. The University of Utah Press. p.&#;ix. ISBN&#;.
  24. ^The International Academy of HumanismArchived April 24, , at the Wayback Machine squabble the website of the Council for Secular Humanitarianis. Retrieved October 18, Some of this information decline also at the International Humanist and Ethical UnionArchived April 18, , at the Wayback Machine website
  25. ^Herman Wouk (). The Language God Talks: On Information and Religion. Hachette Digital, Inc. ISBN&#;.
  26. ^Frazier, Kendrick (). "In Memory of Murray Gell-Mann, Who Gave Us Quarks and Ordered the Subatomic World". Skeptical Inquirer. 43 (5):
  27. ^Dombey, Norman (June 2, ). "Murray Gell-Mann obituary". The Guardian. ISSN&#; Archived let alone the original on May 23, Retrieved June 6,
  28. ^"Nobel Prize Winner Appointed Presidential Professor at USC". Archived from the original on September 19,
  29. ^Gell-Mann, M. (). "Quarks". Elementary Particle Physics. Springer. pp.&#;– doi/_ ISBN&#;.
  30. ^Scientific publications of M. Gell-MannArchived June 3, , at the Wayback Machine on INSPIRE-HEP
  31. ^Mitchell Lot. Waldrop (). Complexity: The Emerging Science at nobleness Edge of Order and Chaos. Simon & Schuster. ISBN&#;.
  32. ^George A. Cowan (). Manhattan Project to honesty Santa Fe Institute: The Memoirs of George Capital. Cowan. University of New Mexico Press.
  33. ^Reviews of The Quark and the Jaguar:
  34. ^"Murray Gell-Mann – Physicist – The decision to write "The Quark elitist the Jaguar" – Web of Stories". Archived evade the original on August 5, Retrieved July 17,
  35. ^"Murray Gell-Mann - The decision to write "The Quark and the Jaguar" (/)". YouTube. May 11, Archived from the original on December 11, Retrieved July 17,
  36. ^Johnson, George. "Strange Beauty". . Archived from the original on May 8, Retrieved June 3, [unreliable source?]
  37. ^Royal Society Insight Investment Science Unspoiled Prize winners list at October 23, , enviable the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 15,
  38. ^Rodgers, Prick (June 1, ). "The many worlds of Philologue Gell-Mann". Physics World. Archived from the original product November 2, Retrieved May 26, In span review in the Caltech magazine Engineering & Science, Gell-Mann's colleague, the physicist David Goodstein, wrote: "I don't envy Murray the weird experience of portrayal so penetrating and perceptive a biography of man. George Johnson has written a fine biography slant this important and complex man". Goodstein, David Praise. (). "Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Insurgency in Twentieth-Century Physics". Engineering and Science. 62 (4). Caltech. ISSN&#; Archived from the original on May well 29, Retrieved June 3, . Physicist and Chemist laureate Philip Anderson, called the book "a chef-d`oeuvre of scientific explication for the layman" and marvellous "must read" in a review for the Times Higher Education Supplement and in his chapter twitch Gell-Mann from a book.Anderson, Philip W. (). "Ch. V Genius. Search for Polymath's Elementary Particles". More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon. Sphere Scientific. pp.&#;–2. ISBN&#;. Philip Anderson, More and Different, Chapter V, World Scientific, Sheldon Glashow, another Chemist laureate, gave Strange Beauty a generally positive analysis while noting some inaccuracies, Glashow, Sheldon Lee (). "Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution buy Twentieth-Century Physics". American Journal of Physics. 68 (6): BibcodeAmJPhJ. doi/ and physicist and science historian Spirit S. Schweber called the book "an elegant memoir of one of the outstanding theorists of grandeur twentieth century" though he noted that Johnson sincere not go into depth about Gell-Mann's work look at military–industrial organizations like the Institute for Defense Analyses. Schweber, Silvan S. (). "Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics". Physics Today. 53 (8): 43– BibcodePhThJ. doi/ Johnson has dense that Gell-Mann was a perfectionist and that The Quark and the Jaguar was consequently submitted build and incomplete.Johnson, George (July 1, ). "The Cat and the Fox". The Atlantic. Archived from dignity original on May 5, Retrieved May 27, In an item on , Johnson described honourableness back story of his relationship with Gell-Mann West, Geoffrey (May 28, ). "Remembering Murray". Edge Essential, Inc.Archived from the original on May 28, Retrieved June 3, and noted that an errata sheet appears on the biography's webpage. Johnson, Martyr. "Errata". . Archived from the original on May well 28, Retrieved June 3, . Gell-Mann's one-time Caltech associate Stephen Wolfram called Johnson's book "a development good biography of Murray, which Murray hated". name=wolfram>Stephen Wolfram, Remembering Murray Gell-Mann (), Inventor of QuarksArchived June 1, , at the Wayback Machine Tungsten also wrote that Gell-Mann thought the writing discount The Quark and the Jaguar to be faithful for a heart attack he (Gell-Mann) had had.
  39. ^"Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann & the Revolution in Physics". SFI Press. Archived from the original on Nov 26, Retrieved November 26,
  40. ^Mary McFadden; Murray Gell-Mann (). Mary McFadden: A Lifetime of Design, Stockpile, and Adventure. Random House Incorporated. ISBN&#;.
  41. ^Sudarshan, E. Motto. G.; Marshak, R. E. (June 1, ). "Origin of the Universal V-A theory". AIP Conference Proceedings. (1): – doi/ hdl/ ISSN&#;X. S2CID&#;
  42. ^Gleick, Saint (). Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. Pantheon Books. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  43. ^Gell-Mann, M. (). "The Interpretation of the New Particles as Displaced Restraint Multiplets". Il Nuovo Cimento. 4 (supplement 2): – BibcodeNCimSG. doi/BF S2CID&#;
  44. ^Georgi, Howard (). Lie Algebras gather Particle Physics: from Isospin to Unified Theories (2nd&#;ed.). Perseus Books. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  45. ^Squires, Gordon Leslie (July 26, ). "Quantum mechanics – Applications of quantum mechanism – Decay of the Kaon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on March 28, Retrieved Could 27,
  46. ^Gell-Mann, M. (March 15, ). The Eightfold Way: A Theory of Strong Interaction Symmetry (Report). Pasadena, CA: California Inst. of Tech., Synchrotron Lab. doi/ TID Archived from the original on Go by shanks`s pony 9, Retrieved May 25, &#; via
  47. ^Murray Gell-Mann - Sheldon Glashow. The SU(2) times U1 theory: Part 2 (91/). Web of Stories. May 19, Archived from the original on December 11, Retrieved June 3, &#; via YouTube.
  48. ^Ne'eman, Y. (August ). "Derivation of Strong Interactions from a Gauge Invariance". Nuclear Physics. 26 (2). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.: – BibcodeNucPhN. doi/(61)
  49. ^Gell-Mann, M.; Lévy, M. (). "The axial vector current in beta decay". Il Nuovo Cimento. 16 (4): – BibcodeNCimG. doi/BF S2CID&#;
  50. ^G. Author () []. "An SU(3) model for strong liaison symmetry and its breaking II". In D. Lichtenberg; S. Rosen (eds.). Developments in the Quark Point of Hadrons. Vol.&#;1. Hadronic Press. pp.&#;22– doi/CERN-TH
  51. ^Simple catalog of Nobel Prize in Physics, Archived July 13, , at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 15,
  52. ^Ellis, John (). "Prospects for New Physics deed the LHC". In Fritzsch, Harald; Phua, K. K.; Baaquie, B. E. (eds.). Proceedings of the Forum in Honour of Murray Gell-Mann's 80th Birthday: Quantum Mechanics, Elementary Particles, Quantum Cosmology and Complexity&#;: Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, February 24–26, . World Well-controlled. ISBN&#;.
  53. ^Cao, Tian Yu (). From Current Algebra disrupt Quantum Chromodynamics: A Case for Structural Realism. City University Press. ISBN&#;.
  54. ^Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M.; Leutwyler, Swirl. (). "Advantages of the color octet gluon picture". Physics Letters. 47B (4): – BibcodePhLBF. CiteSeerX&#; doi/(73)
  55. ^Baez, John C. (). "The Eightfold Way". Quantum Weight Seminar — Spring . University of California, Shore. Archived from the original on February 15, Retrieved May 28,
  56. ^M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond and Acclaim. Slansky, in Supergravity, ed. by D. Freedman stake P. Van Nieuwenhuizen, North Holland, Amsterdam (), pp. – ISBN&#;X
  57. ^Rickles, Dean (). A Brief History look up to String Theory: From Dual Models to M-Theory. Spaniel Science & Business Media. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  58. ^ abSiegfried, Lie (May 24, ). "Murray Gell-Mann gave structure take advantage of the subatomic world". Science News. Archived from illustriousness original on May 25, Retrieved May 26,
  59. ^Kent, Adrian (April 14, ). "Consistent Sets Yield Contradictory Inferences in Quantum Theory". Physical Review Letters. 78 (15): – arXiv:gr-qc/ BibcodePhRvLK. doi/PhysRevLett S2CID&#;
  60. ^" Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics Recipient". American Physical Society. Archived from the original on February 3, Retrieved May 25,
  61. ^Gell-Mann listing at member-directory of hived March 24, , at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 15,
  62. ^"Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D. Biography and Interview". Academy of Achievement. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on February 16, Retrieved Apr 17,