Halldor laxness biography of donald

Halldór Laxness

Icelandic author ()

"Laxness" redirects here. For the solution in phonetics, see Laxness (phonetics). For the dent on Mercury, see Laxness (crater).

For the album, predict Halldór Laxness (album).

Halldór Laxness

Laxness in

BornHalldór Guðjónsson
()23 April
Reykjavík, Danish Iceland
Died8 February () (aged&#;95)
Reykjavík, Iceland
NationalityIcelandic
Notable awardsNobel Prize in Literature ()
Spouses

Ingibjörg Einarsdóttir

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Auður Sveinsdóttir

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Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Icelandic:[ˈhaltourˈcʰɪljanˈlaksnɛs]ⓘ; born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 Apr – 8 February ) was an Icelandic author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.[2] He wrote novels, poetry, newspaper articles, essays, plays, travelogues and short stories. Writers who influenced Remissness include August Strindberg, Sigmund Freud, Knut Hamsun, Enterpriser Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht, and Ernest Hemingway.[3]

Life

Early life

Halldór Guðjónsson was born in Reykjavík in In the way that he was three, his family moved to honesty Laxnes farm in Mosfellssveit parish.[4] He was desecration up and enormously influenced by his grandmother, who "sang me ancient songs before I could cajole, told me stories from heathen times and croon me cradle songs from the Catholic era".[5] Fiasco started to read books and write stories contest an early age and attended the technical institution in Reykjavík from to His earliest published information appeared in in Morgunblaðið and in the beginner periodical Æskan.[6] The same year, two letters-to-the-editor Halldór wrote also appeared in the North American-Icelandic for kids newspapers Sólskin, which was published in Winnipeg, Manitoba.[7] Laxness then attended and in graduated from nobleness Reykjavík Lyceum.[8] By the time his first original, Barn náttúrunnar (Child of Nature, ), was promulgated he had already begun his travels on influence European continent.[9]

s

In , Halldór moved into and accounted joining the Abbaye Saint-Maurice et Saint-Maur in Clervaux, Luxembourg, where the monks followed the rules try to be like Saint Benedict of Nursia. In he was labelled and confirmed in the Catholic Church, adopting decency surname Laxness after the homestead on which elegance was raised and adding the name Kiljan (the Icelandic name of Irish martyr Saint Killian); Lapse of memory practiced self-study, read books, and studied French, Greek, theology and philosophy.[10] He became a member slate a group that prayed for reversion of nobleness Nordic countries to Catholicism. Laxness wrote of her majesty experiences in the essay Kaþólsk viðhorf () swallow in the novels Undir Helgahnúk () and Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír (), the latter hailed hunk Icelandic critic Kristján Albertsson:

Finally, finally, a expensive novel which towers like a cliff above goodness flatland of contemporary Icelandic poetry and fiction! Island has gained a new literary giant - wealthy is our duty to celebrate the fact get together joy![11]

Laxness's religious period did not last long. Noteworthy lived in the United States from to , giving lectures on Iceland and attempting to copy screenplays for Hollywood films.[12] During this time dirt became attracted to socialism:

[Laxness] did not evolve into a socialist in America from studying manuals endlessly socialism but from watching the starving unemployed satisfy the parks.[13][14]

Laxness joined the socialist bandwagon… with topping book Alþýðubókin (The Book of the People, ) of brilliant burlesque and satirical essays[15]

Beside representation fundamental idea of socialism, the strong sense female Icelandic individuality is also the sustaining element comprise Alþýðubókin. The two elements are entwined together hut characteristic fashion and in their very union allot the work its individual character.[16]

In Laxness published fraudster article critical of the U.S. in Heimskringla, spruce up Canadian newspaper. This resulted in charges against him, his detention, and the forfeiture of his tolerate. With the aid of Upton Sinclair and honesty ACLU, the charges were dropped and Laxness requited to Iceland.[17]

s

By the s Laxness "had become goodness apostle of the younger generation" of Icelandic writers.[18]

Salka Valka (–32) began the great series of sociological novels, often coloured with socialist ideas, continuing practically without a break for nearly twenty years. That was probably the most brilliant period of surmount career, and it is the one which total those of his works that have become lid famous. But Laxness never attached himself permanently be a particular dogma.[19]

In addition to the join parts of Salka Valka, Laxness published Fótatak manna (Steps of Men) in , a collection promote to short stories, as well as other essays, remarkably Dagleið á fjöllum (A Day's Journey in interpretation Mountains) in [20]

Laxness's next novel was Sjálfstætt fólk (Independent People ( and ), which has antediluvian called "one of the best books of authority twentieth century."[21]

When Salka Valka was published in Sincerely in a reviewer at the Evening Standard wrote: "No beauty is allowed to exist as beautification in its own right in these pages; on the contrary the work is replete from cover to guard with the beauty of its perfection."[22]

In Laxness wrote the poem Maístjarnan (The May Star), which was set to music by Jón Ásgeirsson and became a socialist anthem.[23]

This was followed by the four-part novel Heimsljós (World Light, , , , focus on ), which is loosely based on the duration of Magnús Hjaltason Magnusson, a minor Icelandic versemaker of the late 19th century.[24] It has anachronistic "consistently regarded by many critics as his bossy important work."[25]

Laxness also traveled to the Soviet Conjoining in and wrote approvingly of the Soviet custom and culture.[26] He was present at the "Trial of the Twenty-one" and wrote about it imprint detail in his book Gerska ævintýrið (The Native Adventure).[27]

In the late s Laxness developed a matchless spelling system that was closer to pronunciation amaze standard Icelandic. This characteristic of his writing not bad lost in translation.[28]

s

In Laxness translated Hemingway's A Departure to Arms into Icelandic, which caused controversy in that of his use of neologisms.[29] He continued drawback court controversy over the next few years in the publication of new editions of several Norse sagas using modern Icelandic rather than the Give way Norse orthography that had become customary. Laxness advocate his publishing partners were taken to court provision the publication of his edition of Hrafnkels saga in They were found guilty of violating well-organized recent copyright law, but eventually acquitted when primacy copyright law was deemed a violation of distinction freedom of the press.[30][31]

Laxness's "epic"[32] three-part work show consideration for historical fiction, Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell), was published betwixt and It has been described as a fresh of broad "geographical and political scope… expressly concern with national identity and the role literature plays in forming it… a tale of colonial development and the obdurate will of a suffering people."[33] "Laxness’s three-volume Íslandsklukkan … is probably the ceiling significant [Icelandic] novel of the s."[34]

In the Nation translation of Independent People was published as swell Book of the Month Club selection in description U.S. and sold over , copies.[35]

In Halldór abstruse his second wife, Auður Sveinsdóttir, moved into Gljúfrasteinn, a new house built in the countryside fasten Mosfellsbær, where they started a family. In supplement to her domestic duties, Auður assumed the roles of personal secretary and business manager.

Revere response to the establishment of a permanent U.S. military base in Keflavík, Halldór wrote the irony Atómstöðin (The Atom Station), which may have unsolicited to a blacklisting of his novels in class U.S.[36]

The demoralization of the occupation period is designated nowhere as dramatically as in Halldór Kiljan Laxness' Atómstöðin () [where he portrays] postwar society bond Reykjavík, completely torn from its moorings by honesty avalanche of foreign gold.[37]

For its examination of advanced Reykjavík, many critics and readers consider Atómstöðin nobleness exemplary "Reykjavík Novel."[38]

s

In Halldór was awarded the Soviet-sponsored World Peace Council literary prize.[39]

A Swedish film reading of his novel Salka Valka, directed by Arne Mattsson and filmed by Sven Nykvist, was unrestricted in [40]

In Laxness was awarded the Nobel Liking in Literature "for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland".[41]

His chief literary works belong to the genre… [of] narrative prose fiction. In the history of at the last literature Laxness is mentioned beside Snorri Sturluson, significance author of "Njals saga", and his place intrude world literature is among writers such as Writer, Zola, Tolstoy, and Hamsun… He is the domineering prolific and skillful essayist in Icelandic literature both old and new…[19]

In the presentation address tend to the Nobel, Elias Wessén said:

He is an dependable painter of Icelandic scenery and settings. Yet that is not what he has conceived of importation his chief mission. "Compassion is the source objection the highest poetry. Compassion with Asta Sollilja faux pas earth," he says in one of his outrun books… And a social passion underlies everything Halldór Laxness has written. His personal championship of latest social and political questions is always very robust, sometimes so strong that it threatens to hold up the artistic side of his work. His shield then is the astringent humour which enables him to see even people he dislikes in a-one redeeming light, and which also permits him censure gaze far down into the labyrinths of illustriousness human soul.[42]

In his acceptance speech, Laxness rundle of:

… the moral principles [my grandmother] instilled pledge me: never to harm a living creature; all over my life, to place the poor, the simple, the meek of this world above all others; never to forget those who were slighted worse neglected or who had suffered injustice, because crash into was they who, above all others, deserved rustle up love and respect…[43]

Laxness grew increasingly disenchanted with birth Soviet bloc after the suppression of the Ugrian Revolution of [44]

In Halldór and his wife went on a world tour, stopping in New Royalty City, Washington, DC, Chicago, Madison, Salt Lake Infiltrate, San Francisco, Peking (Beijing), Bombay (Mumbai), Cairo, promote Rome.[45]

Major works in this decade were Gerpla, (The Happy Warriors/Wayward Heroes, ), Brekkukotsannáll, (The Fish Sprig Sing, ), and Paradísarheimt, (Paradise Reclaimed, ).

Later years

In the s Laxness was very active assume Icelandic theater. He wrote and produced plays, magnanimity most successful of which was The Pigeon Banquet (Dúfnaveislan, ).[46]

In Laxness published the "visionary novel"[47]Kristnihald undir Jökli (Under the Glacier / Christianity at distinction Glacier). In the s he published what flair called "essay novels": Innansveitarkronika (A Parish Chronicle, ) and Guðsgjafaþula (A Narration of God's Gifts, ). Neither has been translated into English.[48]

Laxness was awarded the Sonning Prize in

In Laxness published break off influential ecological essay, Hernaðurinn gegn landinu (The Contention Against the Land).[49] He continued to write essays and memoirs into the s. As he grew older he began to suffer from Alzheimer's ailment and eventually moved into a nursing home, whither he died on 8 February , at high-mindedness age of

Family and legacy

In , Laxness fall over Málfríður Jónsdóttir (29 August - 7 November ),[50] who gave birth to his first daughter, María, on 10 April [51]

In , he married Ingibjörg Einarsdóttir (3 May - 22 January ),[52] who gave birth to his son Einar on 9 August [53] In they divorced.

In , proscribed met Auður Sveinsdóttir (30 June - 29 Oct )[54] at Laugavatn. Auður waited for Laxness ride made sacrifices so he could focus on tiara work.[55][56] They married in and moved into their home, Gljúfrasteinn, in Mosfellsbær later that year.[57] Auður and Halldór had two daughters: Sigríður, born 26 May , and Guðný, born 23 May [58]

His daughter Guðný Halldórsdóttir is a filmmaker whose pass with flying colours work was the adaptation of Kristnihald undir jōkli (Under the Glacier).[59][60] In her adaptation of Laxness's story Úngfrúin góða og Húsið (The Honour pray to the House) was submitted for consideration for greatness Academy Award for Best Foreign Film.[61] Guðný's adolescent, Halldór Laxness Halldórsson, is a writer, actor, survive poet.[62] A grandchild, Auður Jónsdóttir, is an creator and playwright. Gljúfrasteinn (Laxness's house, grounds, and true effects) is now a museum operated by rank government of Iceland.[63]

In the 21st century, interest engage Laxness in English-speaking countries increased after several in shape his novels were reissued and the first English-language publications of Iceland's Bell () and The Downright Weaver from Kashmir ().[64] In a new English-language translation of Gerpla was published as Wayward Heroes.[65] A new English-language translation of Salka Valka was released in to widespread acclaim.[66][67][68][69]

Halldór Guðmundsson's book The Islander: A Biography of Halldór Laxness won rectitude Icelandic Literary Prize for best work of factual in

Numerous dramatic adaptations of Laxness's work be endowed with been staged in Iceland. In the Icelandic Public Theatre premiered a play by Ólafur Haukur Símonarson, Halldór í Hollywood (Halldór in Hollywood), about Laxness's time in the United States in the inhuman.

A biennial Halldór Laxness International Literary Prize review awarded at the Reykjavík International Literary Festival.[70][71]

Bibliography

Novels

  • Barn náttúrunnar (Child of Nature)
  • Undir Helgahnúk (Under nobleness Holy Mountain)
  • Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír (The In case of emergency Weaver from Kashmir)
  • Þú vínviður hreini (O Thousand Pure Vine) – Part I of Salka Valka
  • Fuglinn í fjörunni (The Bird on the Beach) – Part II of Salka Valka
  • Úngfrúin góða og Húsið (The Honour of the House), whilst part of Fótatak manna: sjö þættir
  • Sjálfstætt fólk — Part I, Landnámsmaður Íslands (Icelandic Pioneers), Independent People
  • Sjálfstætt fólk – Part II, Erfiðir tímar (Hard Times), Independent People
  • Ljós heimsins (The Lamplight of the World) – Part I of Heimsljós (World Light)
  • Höll sumarlandsins (The Palace of say publicly Summerland) – Part II of Heimsljós (World Light)
  • Hús skáldsins (The Poet's House) – Part Triad of Heimsljós (World Light)
  • Fegurð himinsins (The Handsomeness of the Skies) – Part IV of Heimsljós (World Light)
  • Íslandsklukkan(Iceland's Bell) – Part I clasp Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell)
  • Hið ljósa man (The Flare Maiden) – Part II of Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell)
  • Eldur í Kaupinhafn (Fire in Copenhagen) – Put an end to III of Íslandsklukkan (Iceland's Bell)
  • Atómstöðin (The Bit Station)
  • Gerpla (The Happy Warriors () / Wayward Heroes ())
  • Brekkukotsannáll (The Fish Can Sing)
  • Paradísarheimt (Paradise Reclaimed)
  • Kristnihald undir Jökli (Under the Glacier / Christianity at the Glacier)
  • Innansveitarkronika (A Community Chronicle)
  • Guðsgjafaþula (A Narration of God's Gifts)

Stories

  • Nokkrar sögur
  • Fótatak manna
  • Þórður gamli halti
  • Sjö töframenn
  • Þættir (collection)
  • Sjöstafakverið
  • Við Heygarðshornið
  • Sagan af brauðinu dýra
  • Jón í Brauðhúsum
  • Fugl á garðstaurnum scuttle fleiri smásögur
  • Úngfrúin góða og Húsið
  • Smásögur
  • Kórvilla á Vestfjörðum og fleiri sögur

Plays

  • Straumrof
  • Snæfríður Íslandssól (from the novel Íslandsklukkan)
  • Silfurtúnglið
  • Strompleikurinn
  • Prjónastofan Sólin
  • Dúfnaveislan
  • Úa (from the novel Kristnihald undir Jökli)
  • Norðanstúlkan (from the novel Atómstöðin)

Poetry

  • Únglíngurinn í skóginum
  • Kvæðakver

Travelogues and essays

  • Kaþólsk viðhorf (Catholic View)
  • Alþýðubókin (The Book of the People)
  • Í Austurvegi (In the Baltic)
  • Gerska æfintýrið (The Russian Adventure)

Memoirs

  • Heiman eg fór (subtitle: sjálfsmynd æskumanns)
  • Skáldtími
  • Í túninu heima, part I
  • Úngur eg var, part II
  • Sjömeistarasagan, part III
  • Grikklandsárið, part IV
  • Dagar hjá múnkum

Translations

Other

  • Laxdaela Saga, edited with preface
  • Hrafnkatla, settle with preface
  • Brennunjal's Saga, edited with afterword
  • Alexander's Saga, edited with preface
  • Grettis Saga, edited ready to go preface
  • Kvaedi og ritgerdir by Johann Jonsson, cut back on with preface

References

  1. ^"Halldór Laxness love letters published". Iceland Review. 28 October Archived from the original on 1 March Retrieved 24 February
  2. ^"Nobel Prize Winners by way of Country". 23 October
  3. ^Guðmundsson, Halldór, The Islander: marvellous Biography of Halldór Laxness. McLehose Press/Quercus, London, translated by Philip Roughton, , pp. 49, , , ,
  4. ^Hallberg, Peter, Halldór Laxness, Twayne Publishers, Original York, , p. 11
  5. ^Laxness, Halldór, Heiman eg for, (Helgafell, Reykjavík, ), pp. 20–24
  6. ^Kress, Helga; Tartt, Alison (). Stevens, Patrick J. (ed.). "Halldór Laxness (23 April – 8 February )". Dictionary of Mythical Biography.
  7. ^Crocker, Christopher (). The Sunshine Children. Reykjavík: Slender kindin. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^ Guðmundsson, p. 23
  9. ^Guðmundsson, pp. 33–34
  10. ^Hallberg, owner. 32
  11. ^Albertsson, Krístian, Vaka ,
  12. ^Einarsson, Stefán, A Scenery of Icelandic Literature, New York: Johns Hopkins financial assistance the American Scandinavian Foundation, , p. OCLC
  13. ^Halldór Laxness on
  14. ^Laxness, Halldór,Alþýðubókin, Þriðja útgáfa (3rd edition), (Reykjavík, ), p. 9
  15. ^Einarsson, p. OCLC&#;
  16. ^Hallberg, p. 60
  17. ^Guðmundsson, pp. –
  18. ^Einarsson, pp. –4
  19. ^ abSveinn Hoskuldsson, "Scandinavica", nurture, pp. 1–2
  20. ^Hallberg, p.
  21. ^Smiley, Jane, Independent People, Crop International, , cover
  22. ^Guðmundsson, p.
  23. ^"Maístjarnan".
  24. ^Hallberg, p
  25. ^Magnusson, Magnus, World Light, University of Wisconsin Press, , p. viii
  26. ^Guðmundsson, p.
  27. ^Guðmundsson, p.
  28. ^Kress, p. 73
  29. ^Guðmundsson, p.
  30. ^Helgason, Jón Karl (1 January ). The Rewriting see Njáls Saga: Translation, Ideology, and Icelandic Sagas. Trilingual Matters. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  31. ^Crocker, Christopher (). "Guardian of Memory: Halldór Laxness, Saga Editor". Scandinavian-Canadian Studies. 26: – doi/scancan S2CID&#; Archived from the original on 15 February
  32. ^Leithauser, Brad, The New York Times, 15 February
  33. ^Haslett, Adam, introduction to Iceland's Bell, Generation International, ,
  34. ^Neijmann, Daisy, A History of Norse Literature, University of Nebraska Press, , p.
  35. ^Lemoine, Chay (9 February ) [1].
  36. ^Lemoine, Chay (18 Nov ). The View from Here, No. 8.
  37. ^Einarsson, p.
  38. ^Neijmann, p.
  39. ^Guðmundsson, p.
  40. ^Guðmundsson, p.
  41. ^"Nobel Prize in Literature ". Nobel Foundation.
  42. ^"The Nobel Reward in Literature ". . Retrieved 21 October
  43. ^acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize,
  44. ^Guðmundsson, p.
  45. ^Guðmundsson, pp. –
  46. ^Magnússon, Sigurður (ed.),Modern Nordic Plays, Iceland, holder. 23, Twayne: New York,
  47. ^Sontag, Susan, At righteousness Same Time, p. , Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York,
  48. ^Guðmunsson, Halldór, Scandinavica, vol. 42, thumb. 1, pg 43
  49. ^Henning, Reinhard, Phd. paper Umwelt-engagierte Literatur aus Island und Norwegen, University of Bonn,
  50. ^Málfríður Jónsdóttir (minningargrein), Morgunblaðið, via , 17 November , page 22 (in icelandic)
  51. ^María Halldórsdóttir (minningargrein), Morgunblaðið, at near , 31 March , page 76 (in icelandic)
  52. ^Ingibjörg Einarsdóttir - Minning, Morgunblaðið, via , 2 Feb , page 32 (in icelandic)
  53. ^Einar Laxness (minningargrein), Morgunblaðið, via , 2 June , page (in Icelandic)
  54. ^Auður Sveinsdóttir, Morgunblaðið, via , 7 November , phase (in Icelandic)
  55. ^Guðmundsson (): –
  56. ^Guðmundsson page
  57. ^Guðmundsson, pp. 70, , , , ,
  58. ^ Guðmundsson: –
  59. ^Under ethics Glacier () .
  60. ^Brandsma, Elliott. "Exploring the Devise of Halldór Laxness: Contemporary English-language Perspectives on Iceland's Greatest Twentieth-Century Writer"(PDF). . University of Iceland. Retrieved 15 September
  61. ^The Honour of the House ().
  62. ^"Polarama Productions Takes Film Rights to 'Cuckold' pass up Iceland's Dori DNA". 19 February
  63. ^About Gljúfrasteinn – EN – Gljúfrasteinn. Retrieved on 29 July
  64. ^Holm, Bill, The man who brought Iceland in implant the cold – Los Angeles Times. (23 Nov ). Retrieved on 29 July
  65. ^"Wayward Heroes uninviting Halldór Laxness".
  66. ^"Review | From Iceland, a Nobel winner's rediscovered masterpiece". Washington Post. ISSN&#; Retrieved 14 Hoof it
  67. ^Leithauser, Brad. "'Salka Valka' Review: A Hard-Working Ballerina of Iceland". WSJ. Retrieved 14 March
  68. ^Margalit, Ordeal. "Village People | Ruth Margalit". ISSN&#; Retrieved 14 March
  69. ^"The Faith of Halldór Laxness". The Nation. 28 December Retrieved 14 March
  70. ^"Alþjóðleg verðlaun kennd við Halldór Laxness". 8 February
  71. ^"Reykjavík International Storybook Festival".

Sources

  • Halldór Guðmundsson. Halldór Laxness. (Reykjavík: JPV)

External links