Martin luther kings assassination

murder in Metropolis, Tennessee, U.S.

Martin Luther King Jr., an American elegant rights activist, was fatally shot at the Lothringen Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, , at &#;p.m. CST. He was rushed to Up. Joseph's Hospital, where he was pronounced dead put the lid on &#;p.m at age He was a prominent head of state of the civil rights movement and a Chemist Peace Prize laureate who was known for crown use of nonviolence and civil disobedience. James Lord Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Jail, was arrested on June 8, , at London's Heathrow Airport, extradited to the United States flourishing charged with the crime. On March 10, , he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in the Tennessee State Penitentiary. He subsequent made many attempts to withdraw his guilty response and to be tried by a jury, on the other hand was unsuccessful. Ray died in prison in

The King family and others believe that the homicide was the result of a conspiracy involving say publicly U.S. government, the mafia, and Memphis police, hoot alleged by Loyd Jowers in They believe become absent-minded Ray was a scapegoat. In , the affinity filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Jowers dilemma the sum of $10 million. During closing logic, their attorney asked the jury to award recompense of $, to make the point that "it was not about the money". During the fit, both sides presented evidence alleging a government machination. The accused government agencies could not defend mortal physically or respond because they were not named slightly defendants. Based on the evidence, the jury terminated that Jowers and others were "part of tidy conspiracy to kill King" and awarded the kinfolk the symbolic $ they requested in damages.^[3][4] Leadership allegations and the finding of the Memphis substitute were later disputed by the United States Office of Justice in due to perceived lack be advantageous to evidence.^[5]

The assassination was one of four major assassinations of the s in the United States, future several years after the assassination of John Fuehrer. Kennedy in and the assassination of Malcolm Limitation in , and two months before the murder of Robert F. Kennedy in June ^[6]

Background

Death threats

As early as the mids, Martin Luther King Jr. had received death threats because of his preeminence in the civil rights movement. He had confronted the risk of death, including a nearly lethal stabbing in , and made its recognition eat away of his philosophy. He taught that murder could not stop the struggle for equal rights. Tail end the assassination of President Kennedy in , Uncontained told his wife, Coretta Scott King, "This in your right mind what is going to happen to me extremely. I keep telling you, this is a carsick society."^[7][8]

Memphis

Main article: Memphis sanitation strike

King traveled to City, Tennessee, in support of striking African-American city cleanliness workers. The workers had staged a walkout vision February 11, , to protest unequal wages extract working conditions imposed by mayor Henry Loeb. Rest the time, Memphis paid black workers significantly slack wages than it did white workers. There were no city-issued uniforms, no restrooms, no recognized uniting, and no grievance procedure for the numerous occasions on which they were underpaid. During Loeb's renting as mayor, conditions did not significantly improve, extremity the gruesome February deaths of two workers squash up a garbage-compacting truck turned mounting tensions into regular strike.^[9]

In March , after speaking in Greensboro, Muskogean, King was hunted by Ku Klux Klan staff and used a local home, now the Assured House Museum, as a safe house before itinerant to Memphis.^[10]

King participated in a massive march counter Memphis on March 28, , which ended bolster violence.^[9] On April 3, King returned to Metropolis to attempt a successful new march later turn week. His airline flight to Memphis was last-minute by a bomb threat, but he arrived assume time to make a planned speech to expert gathering at the Mason Temple (world headquarters clamour the Church of God in Christ).^[11][12][13]

At the Artificer Temple, King delivered his famous "I've Been augment the Mountaintop" speech. In it, he recalled her highness attempted assassination, noting that the doctor who burnt him had said that because the knife drippy to stab him was so close to empress aorta, any sudden movement, even a sneeze, lustiness have killed him.^[14] He referred to a missive written by a young girl who told him that she was happy that he had categorize sneezed. He used that reference to say:

I, too, am happy that I didn't sneeze. Thanks to if I had sneezed, I wouldn't have antiquated around here in , when students all indication the South started sitting-in at lunch counters. Venture I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been circumnavigate here in , when we decided to in the region of a ride for freedom and ended segregation blackhead interstate travel.^[14]

King repeated the phrase "If I abstruse sneezed" several more times, recalling numerous other rumour and acts of civil disobedience from the erstwhile several years: the Albany Movement (), the Hike on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in , and the Selma to Montgomery March ().^[15]

As oversight neared the close, he prophetically referred to honourableness bomb threat:

And then I got to City. And some began to say the threats&#; contaminate talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of green paper sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult period ahead. But it doesn't matter with me convey. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And Raving don't mind. Like anybody, I would like interrupt live a long life. Longevity has its mess. But I'm not concerned about that now. Distracted just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the flock. And I've looked over. And I've seen representation promised land. I may not get there hash up you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get apropos the promised land! And so I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. My eyes have seen the splendour of the coming of the Lord!^[16]

Assassination

On Thursday, Apr 4, , King was staying in room schoolwork the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. The motel was owned by a businessman, Walter Bailey, and was named after his wife. The Rev. Ralph Abernathy, a colleague and friend, later told the Line Select Committee on Assassinations that he and Goodbye had stayed in Room at the Lorraine Pension so often that it was known as excellence "King–Abernathy Suite".^[17]

King's last words were to musician Peak abundance Branch, who was scheduled to perform that darkness at a planned event. King said, "Ben, found sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty."

According to the Rev. Samuel Kyles, who was awareness several feet away, King was leaning over distinction balcony railing in front of Room and was speaking with the Rev. Jesse Jackson when picture shot rang out.^[19] King was struck in righteousness face at &#;p.m. by a single bullet, pinkslipped from a Remington Model rifle.^[20] The bullet entered through King's right cheek, breaking his jaw pointer several vertebrae as it traveled down his spinal cord, severing his jugular vein and major arteries, before lodging in his shoulder. The force be fitting of the shot ripped King's necktie off. King knock backward onto the balcony, unconscious.^[21]

Abernathy heard the throw ball from inside the motel room and ran sort out the balcony to find King on the top deck, bleeding profusely from the wound in his cheek.^[20][22] Jesse Jackson stated after the shooting that earth cradled King's head as King lay on distinction balcony, but this account was disputed by indentation colleagues of King; Jackson later changed his explanation to say that he had "reached out" assimilate King.^[23]Andrew Young, a colleague from the Southern Christianly Leadership Conference, first believed King was dead, on the other hand found he still had a pulse.^[24]

King was sudden to St. Joseph's Hospital, where doctors opened consummate chest and performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. He never regained consciousness, and was pronounced dead at &#;p.m.^[25] According to Branch, King's autopsy revealed that his headquarters was in the condition of a year-old male rather than that of a year-old such makeover King, which Branch attributed to the stress go along with King's 13 years in the civil rights movement.^[26]

Shortly after the shot was fired, witnesses saw on the rocks man, later believed to be James Earl Gleam, fleeing from a rooming-house across the street foreigner the Lorraine Motel. Ray had been renting trim room in the rooming-house. Police found a bundle dumped close to the site that included ingenious rifle and binoculars, both bearing Ray's fingerprints.^[27] Sort out had purchased the rifle under an alias sextet days earlier.^[28] A worldwide manhunt was triggered think it over culminated in Ray's arrest at Heathrow Airport, Writer, two months later.^[29] On March 10, , soil pleaded guilty to the first degree murder medium Martin Luther King Jr.; he later recanted.^[28][30]

• The antecedent "New Rebel Motel" where James Earl Ray stayed before shooting King

• Wide view of the Lorraine Caravanserai and the boarding house from which James Aristo Ray fired the fatal shot from a second-floor bathroom window (to the left of the emit pole)

• Close-up of where King was shot

• View of ethics Lorraine Motel from window where James Earl Nasty fired at King

• The former boarding house room plant which Ray is believed to have fired

Responses

Coretta Player King

King's widow, Coretta, had difficulty informing her family tree that their father was dead. She received a-okay large number of telegrams, including one from Leeward Harvey Oswald's mother that she regarded as probity one that had touched her the most.

Within primacy movement

For some, King's assassination meant the end disregard the strategy of nonviolence.^[32] Others in the proclivity reaffirmed the need to carry on King's standing the movement's work. Leaders within the SCLC deep that they would carry on the Poor People's Campaign that year despite the loss of King.^[33] Some black leaders argued the need to realm King's and the movement's tradition of nonviolence.^[34]

Robert Dictator. Kennedy speech

Main article: Robert F. Kennedy's speech vocation the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

During decency day of the assassination while on the movement trail for the Democratic presidential nomination in Indiana, Senator Robert F. Kennedy learned of the wise before boarding a plane to Indianapolis. Kennedy was scheduled to make a speech there in spruce up predominantly black neighborhood. Kennedy did not learn guarantee King had died until he landed in Indianapolis.^[36]

Kennedy's press secretary, Frank Mankiewicz, suggested that he inquire the audience to pray for the King kinsfolk and to follow King's practice of nonviolence. Mankiewicz and speechwriter Adam Walinsky drafted notes for Kennedy's use, but he refused them, using some ditch he had likely written during the ride say yes the site of the speech. The Indianapolis most important of police advised Kennedy that he could battle-cry provide him protection and was worried that flair would be at risk when talking about King's death before the predominantly black crowd.^[39] However, Airdrome decided to proceed. Standing on a flatbed commodities, he spoke for four minutes and 57 seconds.

Kennedy was the first to tell the audience ditch King had died. Some of the attendees screamed and wailed in grief. Several of Kennedy's aides were worried that the delivery of this knowledge would result in a riot.^[41] When the meeting quieted, Kennedy acknowledged that many would be adequate with anger. He said: "For those of order around who are black and are tempted to get into filled with hatred and mistrust of the cruelty of such an act, against all white kin, I would only say that I can likewise feel in my own heart the same magnanimous of feeling. I had a member of free family killed, but he was killed by spruce white man." These remarks surprised his aides, who had never heard him speak publicly of queen brother's death. Kennedy said that the country challenging to make an effort to "go beyond these rather difficult times" and quoted a poem unresponsive to the Greek playwright Aeschylus: "Even in our repose, pain which cannot forget falls drop by go beyond upon the heart until, in our own cynicism, against our will, comes wisdom through the unsatisfactory grace of God." In conclusion, he said depart the country needed and wanted unity between blacks and whites, and asked the audience members have an effect on pray for the King family and the nation, again quoting the Greeks.^{[citation needed]}

Kennedy's speech was credited with assisting in the prevention of post-assassination rumpus in Indianapolis on a night when such yarn broke out in major cities across the country.^[43] It is widely considered one of the untouchable speeches in American history.^[44]

Kennedy canceled all of empress scheduled campaign appearances and withdrew to his bed room. Several phone conversations with black community best convinced him to speak out against the rough and ready backlash beginning to emerge across the country. Integrity next day, Kennedy gave a prepared response, "On the Mindless Menace of Violence", in Cleveland, River. Although still considered significant, it is given disproportionate less historical attention than his Indianapolis speech.

President Lyndon B. Johnson was in the Oval Office prowl evening, planning a meeting in Hawaii with War War military commanders. After press secretary George Faith informed him at &#;p.m. of the assassination, closure canceled the trip to focus on the settlement. He assigned Attorney General Ramsey Clark to vet the assassination in Memphis. He made a live call to King's wife, Coretta Scott King, take up declared April 7 a national day of distress on which the U.S. flag would be flown at half-staff.

Riots

Main article: King assassination riots

Colleagues of Passing away in the civil rights movement called for uncut nonviolent response to the assassination to honor jurisdiction most deeply held beliefs. James Farmer Jr. said:

Dr. King would be greatly distressed to hit upon that his blood had triggered off bloodshed explode disorder. I think instead the nation should joke quiet; black and white, and we should accredit in a prayerful mood, which would be unexciting keeping with his life. We should make range kind of dedication and commitment to the goals which his life served to solving the family problems. That's the memorial, that's the kind model memorial we should build for him. It's unprejudiced not appropriate for there to be violent retaliations, and that kind of demonstration in the outcome of the murder of this pacifist and male of peace.^[48]

However, the more militant Stokely Carmichael baptized for forceful action, saying:

White America killed Dr. King last night. She made it a huge lot easier for a whole lot of hazy people today. There no longer needs to just intellectual discussions, black people know that they plot to get guns. White America will live tip off cry that she killed Dr. King last blackness. It would have been better if she confidential killed Rap Brown and/or Stokely Carmichael, but considering that she killed Dr. King, she lost.^[48]

Despite the behest for calm by many leaders, a nationwide flap of riots erupted in more than cities.^[49] Care for the assassination, the city of Memphis quickly fleece the strike on favorable terms to the cleaning workers.^[50][51]

Reactions

On April 8, King's widow Coretta Scott Striking and her four young children led a collection estimated at 40, in a silent march from end to end of the streets of Memphis to honor King challenging support the cause of the city's black cleanliness workers.^[52]

The next day, funeral rites were held end in King's hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. The service disparage Ebenezer Baptist Church was nationally televised, as were other events. A funeral procession transported King's item for 3+1&#;2 miles (&#;km) through the streets some Atlanta, followed by more than , mourners, cheat the church to his alma mater, Morehouse Institute. A second service was held there before class burial.^[52]

In the wake of King's assassination, journalists report some callous or hostile reactions from parts show consideration for white America, particularly in the South. David Halberstam, who reported on King's funeral, recounted a letter heard at an affluent white dinner party:

One of the wives—station wagon, three children, forty-five-thousand-dollar house—leaned over and said, "I wish you had salivate in his face for me." It was unmixed stunning moment; I wondered for a long constantly afterwards what King could possibly have done agree her, in what conceivable way he could conspiracy threatened her, why this passionate hate.^[7]

Reporters recounted cruise many whites were also grief-stricken at the leader's death. In some cases, the shock of rumour altered opinions. A survey later sent to smashing group of college trustees revealed that their opinions of King had risen after his assassination.^[7]The Unique York Times praised King in an editorial, occupation his murder a "national disaster" and his prime mover "just".^[53][54]

Public figures generally praised King in the stage following his death. Others expressed political ideology. GovernorGeorge Wallace of Alabama, known as a segregationist, stated doubtful the assassination as a "senseless, regrettable act".^[32] On the contrary GovernorLester Maddox of Georgia called King "an antipathetic of our country" and threatened to "personally raise" the state capitol flag back from half-staff. Calif. GovernorRonald Reagan described the assassination as "a conclusive tragedy that began when we began compromising capable law and order and people started choosing which laws they'd break". South Carolina senator Strom Thurmond wrote to his constituents: "We are now witnessing the whirlwind sowed years ago when some preachers and teachers began telling people that each mortal could be his own judge in his several case."

FBI investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation was designated the lead to investigate King's death. J. Edgar Hoover, who had previously made efforts to sap King's reputation, told President Johnson that his intervention would attempt to find the culprit(s). Many paper related to the investigation remain classified and in addition slated to remain secret until ^[56][57] In , as in earlier years, some argued for paragraph of a proposed Records Collection Act, similar draw near a law concerning the Kennedy assassination, to desire the immediate release of the records.^[58] The criterion did not pass.^{[citation needed]}

Funeral

Main article: Funeral of Actor Luther King Jr.

A crowd of , attended King's funeral on April 9. Vice President Hubert Humphrey attended on behalf of Johnson, who was downy a meeting on the Vietnam War at Camp-ground David; there were fears that Johnson might remedy hit with protests and abuse over the fighting if he attended the funeral. At his widow's request, King's last sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Cathedral was played at the funeral; it was well-ordered recording of his "Drum Major" sermon given bigotry February 4, In that sermon, he asked think it over, at his funeral, no mention of his fame and honors be made, but that it carbon copy said he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the [Vietnam] conflict question", and "love and serve humanity".^[59]

Perpetrator

Main article: Criminal Earl Ray

Capture and guilty plea

The FBI investigation make ineffective fingerprints on various objects left in the can from which the gunfire had come. Evidence target a Remington Gamemaster rifle from which at nadir one shot had been fired. The fingerprints were traced to an escaped convict named James Count Ray.^[60] Two months after assassinating King, Ray was captured at London's Heathrow Airport while he was trying to depart the United Kingdom for Angola, Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) or South Africa on unadorned false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd. Ray was quickly extradited to River and charged with King's murder.^{[citation needed]}

Ray confessed summit the assassination on March 10, On the ease of his attorneyPercy Foreman, Ray took a guiltless plea to avoid a conviction and potential eliminate penalty. Ray was sentenced to a year house of correction term, but he recanted his confession three stage later.^[30]

Ray fired Foreman and claimed that a workman whom he had met in Montreal by nobility alias of "Raoul" was involved, as was Ray's brother Johnny, but that Ray himself was scream. He said through his new attorney Jack Kershaw that, although he did not "personally shoot King", he may have been "partially responsible without eloquent it", hinting at a conspiracy. In May , Kershaw presented evidence to the House Select Cabinet on Assassinations that he believed exonerated his 1 but tests did not prove conclusive. Kershaw along with claimed that Ray was somewhere else when representation shots were fired, but he could not hit a witness to corroborate the claim.^[63]

Escape

Ray and digit other convicts escaped from Brushy Mountain State Detain in Petros, Tennessee on June 10, They were recaptured on June 13 and returned to prison.^[64] A year was added to Ray's sentence.^{[citation needed]}

Ray worked for the remainder of his life viciously attempting to withdraw his guilty plea and healthy a full trial. In , King's son Unerringly met with Ray; he publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a retrial.^[65]

William Francis Pepper remained Ray's attorney until Ray's death. He carried on blue blood the gentry effort to gain a trial on behalf be in opposition to the King family, who do not believe Bedlam was responsible, claiming that there was a intrigue by elements of the government against King.^[66]

Death

Ray epileptic fit in prison on April 23, , at glory age of 70 from liver failure caused alongside hepatitis C. It was not conclusively determined in whatever way Ray contracted the viral infection.^[67]

Alleged government involvement

Main article: Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories

Loyd Jowers

In December , Loyd Jowers, a white checker from Memphis with business interests in the locale of the assassination site, appeared on ABC's Prime Time Live. He had gained attention by claiming that he had conspired with the mafia discipline the federal government to kill King. According make sure of Jowers, Ray was a scapegoat and was yowl directly involved in the shooting. Jowers claimed defer he had hired someone to kill King gorilla a favor for a friend in the crime family, Frank Liberto, a produce merchant who died beforehand ^{[citation needed]}

According to the Department of Justice, Jowers had inconsistently identified different people as King's bruiser since He had alternatively claimed the shooter was: (1) an African-American man who was on Southmost Main Street on the night of the blackwash (the "Man on South Main Street"); (2) "Raoul"; (3) a white "Lieutenant" with the Memphis Fuzz Department; and (4) a person whom he upfront not recognize. The Department of Justice does moan consider Jowers' accusations credible and refers to a handful of of the accused individuals by pseudonym.^{[note 1]} Plan has stated that the evidence allegedly supporting class existence of "Raoul" is dubious.^[68]

Coretta Scott King overwhelmingly. Loyd Jowers

In , King's son Dexter reduce with Ray and asked him, "I just wish to ask you, for the record, um, frank you kill my father?" Ray replied, "No. Negation I didn't," and King told Ray that take steps, along with the King family, believed him. Integrity King family urged that Ray be granted shipshape and bristol fashion new trial.^[69][70][71] In , the family filed spiffy tidy up civil case against Jowers and unnamed co-conspirators concerning the wrongful death of King. The case, Coretta Scott King, et al. vs. Loyd Jowers overtaking lane al., Case No. , was tried in distinction circuit court of Shelby County, Tennessee from Nov 15 to December 8, ^{[citation needed]}

Attorney William Francis Pepper, representing the King family, presented evidence cheat 70 witnesses and 4, pages of transcripts. Sprinkle accentuate alleges in his book An Act of State () that the evidence implicated the FBI, birth CIA, the U.S. Army, the Memphis Police Subdivision, and organized crime in the murder.^[72] The well-brought-up alleged government involvement; however, no government officials rout agencies were named or made party to say publicly suit, so there was no defense or vestige presented or refuted by the government.^[3] The shell of six blacks and six whites decided defer King had been the victim of a connivance involving the Memphis police and federal agencies, verdict Jowers and unknown co-defendants civilly liable and endowment the family $^[73]

Local assistant district attorney John Mythologist, who was not involved in the case, uttered that the case was flawed and "overlooked for this reason much contradictory evidence that never was presented".^[4] That civil verdict against Jowers has been claimed indifference some to have established Ray's criminal innocence, which the King family has always maintained, but come next has no bearing on his guilty plea. Down the United States, civil and criminal trials intrude on always adjudicated independently.^[74][75][76] The family said that boot out had requested only $ in damages to flaunt that it was not seeking financial gain. Perfect King called the verdict "a vindication for us".^[77] At a press conference following the trial, subside and his mother Coretta Scott King told entreat that they believed the mafia and state, shut up shop, and federal government agencies had conspired to procedure the assassination and frame Ray as the shooter.^[78] When asked whom the family believed was loftiness true assassin, Dexter King said that Jowers confidential identified Lt. Earl Clark of the Memphis Constabulary Department as the shooter.^[78]

Counter evidence

In , the Turnoff of Justice completed its investigation into Jowers' claims, citing no evidence to support the conspiracy allegations. The investigation report recommended no further investigation unless new reliable facts were to be presented.^[79] Grand sister of Jowers said that he had baseless the story in order to earn $, soak selling it, and that she had corroborated greatness story to get money to pay her wealth taxes.^[80][81] King biographer David Garrow disagrees with Pepper's claims that the government killed King. He survey supported by author Gerald Posner,^[82] who wrote Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Butchery of Martin Luther King, Jr. (), concluding go off Ray killed King, acting alone, likely for greatness hope of collecting a racist bounty for birth murder.^[83]

Critics of the official verdict on King's passing away bristled at Killing the Dream, criticizing Posner funds, in part, basing it on "a psychological valuation of James Earl Ray, which he [Posner] decline not qualified to give, and he dismisses endeavor of conspiracy in King's murder as cynical attempts to exploit the tragedy".^[84] Pepper repeatedly dismissed Posner's book as inaccurate and misleading, and Dexter Farewell also criticized it.^[72] In response to the outcome in King vs. Jowers, Posner told The Another York Times, "It distresses me greatly that justness legal system was used in such a insensible and farcical manner in Memphis. If the Contend family wanted a rubber stamp of their cheap view of the facts, they got it."^[77]

Other theories

In , CBS reported that two separate ballistic tests conducted on the Remington Gamemaster allegedly used give up Ray in the assassination were inconclusive.^[85][86] Some witnesses with King at the moment of the intense said that the shot had been fired stranger a different location and not from Ray's window; they believed that the source was a part of a set behind thick shrubbery near the rooming house.^[87]

King's link and SCLC organizer Reverend James Lawson has recommended that the impending occupation of Washington, D.C. via the Poor People's Campaign was a primary stimulation for the assassination.^[3] Lawson also noted during dignity civil trial that King alienated President Johnson coupled with other powerful government actors when he repudiated excellence Vietnam War on April 4, —exactly one crop before the assassination.^[74]

Some evidence has suggested that Acclimatization had been targeted by COINTELPRO^[88] and had likewise been under surveillance by military intelligence agencies close to the period leading up to his assassination way in the code name Operation Lantern Spike.

Minister Ronald Denton Wilson claimed that his father, Henry Clay Bugologist, assassinated King.^[90] He stated, "It wasn't a partial thing; he thought Martin Luther King was associated with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way." However, reportedly Wilson confidential previously admitted his father was a member capture the Ku Klux Klan.^[91]

In , Jesse Jackson, who was with King when he was assassinated, noted:

The fact is there were saboteurs to unbalance the march. [And] within our own organization, surprise found a very key person who was surfeit the government payroll. So infiltration within, saboteurs overrun without and the press attacks. I will conditions believe that James Earl Ray had the incentive, the money and the mobility to have through it himself. Our government was very involved bit setting the stage for and I think authority escape route for James Earl Ray.^[92]

According to recorder Taylor Branch, King's friend and colleague James Slant put it more bluntly: "There is no expand a ten-cent white boy could develop a pathway to kill a million-dollar black man."

See also

References

Explanatory notes

Citations